1. Italian Renaissance Italy’s urban, commercial economy and competitive state politics stimulated the new movement Literature was written in Italian instead of Latin. Emphasized love and pride New realism appeared in painting, and religion declined as a central focus

2. Italian Renaissance da Vinci and Michelangelo changed styles in art and sculpture. Historians favored critical thinking over divine intervention for explaining the past. Merchants and bankers moved into profit- seeking capitalist ways; city-state rulers sought new forms dedicated to advancing well-being.

8. Northern Renaissance Movement moves north to France, Germany, England and eastern Europe More religious than Italians Writers such as Shakespeare mixed classical themes with elements of medieval and popular culture. Interest in military conquest increased. However, the renaissance can be overstated. Feudalism continued and ordinary people were not touched by it.

9. Protestant Reformation In 1517 Martin Luther challenges Catholic beliefs including papal authority, monasticism, priestly celibacy, and indulgences. Luther stresses that only faith could gain salvation. 95 Thesis The bible should be translated into other languages. Gains support in Germany where papal authority and taxes are resented.

10. Protestant Reformation Princes seize church lands and become “Lutherans” Peasants and Urban people thought Luther’s views sanctioned money making and a chance to overthrow landlords. Other Protestant groups appeared In England the Anglican church appears In France Jean Calvin promotes the idea of predestination

11. Catholic Reformation The Catholic Church was unable to restore unity but much of Europe remains under its control. Still tries to revitalize it are following, especially with missions to Asia and Americas. Series of religious wars follow which affects European power balance and structure. France gains power, Netherlands and England develop international trade and Spain loses dominance.

12. Catholic Reformation Some rulers benefit from Papal decline. Protestant theory encouraged parliamentary power. Religion and daily life were regarded as separate. Family life changes and love encouraged between spouses. Nuclear family. Literacy becomes more widespread