 Nationalism – belief that people should be loyal to nation not king  share a cmmn culture & history  Can identify better with own gov’t  People have the right to self-govern  Nation-States—independent gov, represents itself ▪ Ex. England, France, Ireland, America

ConservativesLiberalsRadicals Wealthy & Nobility Argued for traditional monarchy Middle Class Power to elected parliaments BUT only the landowners and educated “Fringes” often students Extend democracy to all people Drastic changes

s1848 Ottoman Turks (Muslims) control Balkan region Greeks rebel Popular with scholars, Russians, many Europeans British, French, & Russians ally and crush Turks Grks win indepdt Belgians declare independence from Dutch Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed French king Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy, students in Paris rebel (put down) Paris mobs overthrow Louis-Philippe, reestablish republic Louis-Napoleon wins presidential election; takes title of Emperor Napoleon III Encourages reform Experiences economic prosperity

Austro-HungarianOttomanRussian Control Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians Prussia gains control of German States Split Austria & Hungary, but both under Emperor Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians Grants equal citizenship to all people under rule Angers conservative Turks—causes tension Ex: massacres of Armenians after a revolt (genocide) Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, & Turks Loses Crimean War v. Ottomans Russification—impose Russian culture Strengthened nationalist feelings Disunified Russia Weakened czar’s power

 Giuseppe Mazzini  Formed “Young Italy”— youth nationalist group

 Camillo di Cavour  Politician, unifies Northern Italy for Sardinia  Giuseppe Garibaldi  Leader of rebels in Southern Italy  Turned over control to King Victor Emmanuel II  United all of Italy

 Otto Von Bismarck  Prime minister of Prussia  Realpolitik—politics of reality ▪ What is best for us?  Expansion through war The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or by majority decisions—but by blood and iron!

 Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)  Prussia is superior  Austria humiliated  Prussians get German territory

 Franco-Prussian War  Bismarck insults French ▪ They declares war  Prussians march to Paris  All Germans accept Prussian control  Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser of Germany

Bismarck

 Think about:  Congress of Vienna & its results  Who became stronger?  Who became weaker?  How did Nationalism affect those countries?