2. Revolutions in Latin America CASE STUDY

3. Social Classes in Spanish-America
Peninsulares – People who were born in Spain.
Creoles – Spaniards who were born in Latin America.
Mestizos - People of mixed European and Indian ancestry
Mulattos – People of mixed European and African ancestry.
Indians were at the bottom of the Social Ladder

4. Creoles Lead Independence
Toussaint L’Ouverture led the independence for the island of Haiti.
Simon Bolivar led the independence for Venezuela.
Jose de San Martin led the independence for Argentina.
Miguel Hidalgo took the first steps toward Mexico’s independence.

5. Mexican Revolution – Case Study
Causes for the Mexican Revolution
Mexico was ruled by a brutal dictator; Porfirio Diaz.
All the wealth belonged to the upper class.
The slogan for the Mexican Revolution was “Liberty, Order, Progress”

6. A struggle for Power
Porfirio Diaz was was a General that overthrew the former President of Mexico and ruled as a dictator.

7. A Struggle for Power
Emiliano Zapata was a Native American who fought against the tyranny of Mexico.

8. A Struggle for Power
“Pancho” Villa was the rebel leader in Northern Mexico that stole from the rich and gave to poor. (Robin Hood)

9. Reforms of Mexican Constitution 1917
Political
Social
Economic
Break up of Large estates.
Restrictions on foreign ownership of land
Right to strike
Public Education
Official language of Mexico, Spanish
Minimum wage for workers
Equal pay for equal work

10. Cultural Nationalism
Mexico broke away from many Spanish customs and developed “Mexican” ones.

11. Nationalism
Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation-that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history.

13. Nationalism Destroys Empires
The emergence of nationalism left empires that were ruled with many different ethnic backgrounds in disarray.
Austro-Hungarian Empire, The Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire were all toppled do to nationalism.

14. The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, and Serbs were all ethnic backgrounds ruled under King Francis Joseph I.
In 1866 the Austro-Prussian War, or (Seven Weeks War), made the emperor give up territory and eventually broke the empire apart.

15. The Russian Empire
Poles, Ukrainians, Turks, Jews, Finns, Russians, and Romanians were all a part of the Russian Empire.
The Romanov Dynasty ruled for 400 years under the policy of Russification,
Russification is imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire.

16. The Collapse of the Russian Empire
The combination of World War I, and the Communist Revolution weakened the czarist empire.
The Empire collapsed in 1917.

17. The Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans controlled Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians.
After World War I, the Ottoman Empire broke apart into nationalistic nations.

19. Unification of Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalistic group called Young Italy.
The Nationalists looked to Piedmont-Sardinia to unify Italy because it was the most powerful and largest of the Italian states.
King Victor Emmanuel II was the leader of Sardinia. He appointed Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister.

20. Cavour Unites Italy
Cavour made an alliance with France and soon provoked a war with Austria. Austria was dispelled from Italy.
Cavour then recruited a nationalist army called the Red Shirts led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

23. Unification of Germany
In 1861 Wilhelm I became the emperor to the throne of Prussia.
Wilhelm appointed the Junker Otto von Bismarck.
Junker were members of Prussia’s wealthy land owners.
Bismarck took on the policy “Blood and Iron”.

24. Unification through War
Bismarck picks a fight with Austria-Hungary over territories in Denmark in the Seven Weeks War.
Then, in order to persuade southern Catholic Germans to unify, he picked a fight with France.

26. Franco-Prussian War Causes:
Bismarck altered a telegram between Wilhelm I and the French Ambassador that insulted the French.
80,000 French forces were surrounded including Napoleon III.
King Wilhelm I was crowned Kaiser at the Palace of Versailles.

27. The Franco-Prussian War

28. The Balance of Power shifts
By 1871, Great Britain and Germany were the two most powerful nations in Europe; both militarily and economically.

29. Political Cartoons
A French newspaper portrayed Otto von Bismarck as gobbling up individuals.
The knife represents foreign policy through means of war.
The author portrays him moving very fast; don’t get in his way, if you do then you are eaten up.

30. A Struggle for Power
Emiliano Zapata was a Native American who fought against the tyranny of Mexico.