1. Nationalism in Europe
How does Nationalism both break up and unify countries in Europe?
Ottoman
Empire
Germany
Italy
Austria-
Hungary
Russia

2. 1830: Louis-Philippe now King of the French
Rules for 18 years but French people are tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!)
Radicals create another constitution, which has president sharing power w/ the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again)
Radicals in France
1848: French people elect Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) as their president, 4 yrs later become Emperor
Emp. Napoleon III industrializes France and creates jobs
Involved in two wars, helps Italians defeat Austria but loses to Prussia

3. What is Nationalism? Culture – shared way of life
Nationalism says people should unite based on their language, nationality or culture
Pos –overthrow absolute rule
Neg –extreme nationalism leads to war
Culture – shared way of life
History -a common past
Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry
Language-shared communication
Nation
Territory – land belongs to group
Religion- shared by most

4. Language Fuels Nationalism
Answer the following in comp. sentences
Name the four language families in Europe.
Where in Europe do you primarily find those families (North, South, East, West, Central)?
What family does English belong to?
Does Eastern or Western Europe have more languages? Name five languages in that area.
What part of Europe that is not yet a country could be unified by language?

5. Nationalist Thought
Political thought in 1800s Europe:
1) Conservatives – no change, no voting, absolute monarchs rule (nobles, landowners)
2) Liberals – some change, educated vote, more power for Parliaments (middle class, merchants)
3) Radicals – drastic change, all people should vote, government should be full democracy (poor, workers)
Liberals & Radicals are Nationalists who think loyalty should be to a your nation, not a king (esp. foreign king)
1827, 1848: Nationalist Revolutions breakout in Europe

6. Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule
1)Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks
Ottoman Turks controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, & Slavic speaking Balkans
Revolutions in Greece (1827)& Balkans (1860s)
LOSS
1827
Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans forced to grant equal citizenship to all
2) Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs
Czar Nicholas I begins Russification, which forced Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the Empire
Nationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Nicholas I tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses
Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts

7. 1866 1848 1866 1866 3) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs
The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups
1848: Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting with the Czechs. 1866: Hungary attempts to split from Austria
Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary
1866: Austria loses their northern German States to Prussia in the Seven Weeks War
1866
1848
1866
1866

8. Nationalism Unifies Italy
1800:Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement
1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister
1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy
Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region
Camillo di Cavour
Sardinia
King Victor Emmanuel II

9. 1860: So. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy, controls Kingdom of Two Sicilies & part of Papal States
Vic. Em. & Di Cavour meet w/ Garibaldi, will unite all of Italy
Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister
1866: Italians beat Austria and take Venetian region. 1870: King VE convinces Pope to give up Papal states
Pope still controlled the Vatican but Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy
Garibaldi
Rome
Pope Pius XI

10. Nationalism Unifies Germany
1861: Rioters in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia
Wilhelm I becomes new King of Prussia
Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become PM
Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical)
Bismarck runs Prussia w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron
Wilhelm I
Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all the German states
Weak will be devoured by the strong!
1) 1864: Bismarck convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark
Schleswig-Holstein
Otto von Bismarck

11. Confederation of North German States
2) 1866: Prussia wants 22 Austrian controlled N. German states, turns its back on Austria starting Seven Weeks War
Austria humiliated, Prussia gets Confed. of N. German States
3) 1867: France & Prussia go to war over control of So. German states
Confederation of North German States
1870: Prussia wins Franco-Prussian War, humiliation for Napoleon III
4) 1871: Prussia unites the So. German States with Prussia creating the Empire of Germany
Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Chancellor (Prime Minister)