1. Italian and German Unification
Chapter 24 Section 3

2. Unity and Disunity Nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states
Shaking Old Empires
Austrian Empire (Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians)
Prussia wins Austro-Prussian War (union of Prussia and 21 smaller German political states)
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria split his empire in half declared Austria and Hungary separate states
What did Francis Joseph hope to achieve by breaking his empire into two states?
After WWI Austria-Hungary broke up into smaller states

3. The Russian Empire (Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, Turks and others
Russification: forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups
How was Russification suppose to strengthen the empire?
WWI and communist revolution brought an end to the Romanov dynasty in 1917.

4. Ottoman Empire (Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians)
Granted citizenship to all its citizens angering many
WWI broke apart the empire

5. Cavour Cavour in Sardinia Chief Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour
Disliked absolutism and admired Britain's system of parliament
Wanted Italy to be united and industrialized
Reorganized and strengthened the army
Established banks, factories and railroads
Believed in separation of church and state
Allied Sardinia with France and Great Britain

6. Napoleon III Napoleon III and War with Austria
Austria biggest obstacle to unification
Napoleon III of France, allied with Sardinia, in hopes of pushing Austria out of Italy and becoming more of an influence in Italy
Napoleon III and Cavour agreed that France would help drive the Austrians out if Cavour would give Napoleon III the French speaking regions of Nice and Savoy
Why would Napoleon III agree to help Sardinia drive out Austria?
Austria declared war on Sardinia because Sardinia didn't stop arming and mobilizing their army

7. Garibaldi Garibaldi and the Thousand
Recruited an army of 1,100 soldiers
They were called the Red Shirts
Invaded Sicily and Naples
Cavour was afraid of Garibaldi's growing power, so he sent an army to stop his advancements
Sardinia annexed most of the territory of the Papal States
Garibaldi met with Cavour and agreed to have Victor Emmanuel II as king, as long as Garibaldi could be governor of Naples, he was denied

8. Bismarck Bismarck and Prussian Strength Unification through war
1862, Bismarck became leader of the Prussian cabinet
Turned the Prussian army into a war machine
Maintain Prussian dominance in unification
Unification through war
Bismarck had to overcome two major obstacles
Get rid of Austria as a powerhouse in the German Confederation
Get rid of Austria's influence on the opinions of the southern German states
He overcame his obstacles through three wars
The Danish War, the Seven Week's and the Franco-Prussian War
The Danish War was fought over two territories, Schleswig (Prussia) and Holstein (Austria)
The Seven Week's War was fought against Austria for dominance in the German Confederation
The Treaty of Prague in 1866, Holstein and Venetia
The Northern German Confederation formed, in 1867
The Franco-Prussian War
the southern states joined the Northern Confederation
defeated the French, GC gained Alsace-Lorraine

9. German Empire Formation of the German Empire
The German Empire was formed on January 18, 1871
Hall of Mirrors, in Paris, at the Palace of Versailles
All German states became united except for Austria
Berlin became the capital and Wilhelm I became emperor/Kaiser with Bismarck as his Prime Minister
Bismarck’s realpolitik
Federal government controlled defense, foreign affairs and commerce
Legislative branch had two houses, the Bundesrat and the Reichstag