1. Nationalism in Europe
What is nationalism and how did it both break up and unify countries in Europe?
Ottoman
Empire
Germany
Italy
Austria-
Hungary
Russia

2. Nationalism Culture – shared way of life History -a common past
Positives – people overcome differences, overthrow imperial rule, democratic governments, competition leads to advance
Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme nationalism, competition leads to war
Culture – shared way of life
History -a common past
Nationality – shared ethnic ancestry
Language-shared communication
Nation-
State
Territory – land belongs to group
Religion- shared by most

3. Nationalist Thought
Political thought in 1800s Europe:
1) Conservatives - want to keep everything the same & allow absolute monarchs to rule (nobles, landowners)
2) Liberals – minor change such as more power for Parliaments, Educated & landowners can vote (middle class, merchants)
3) Radicals – wanted drastic change, all people should vote & government should follow Enlightenment (poor, workers)
Many Europeans are upset that their country was ruled by a foreigner or they were divided
People should be loyal to a country not a king
Nationalism emerges from the idea people should unite into countries based on their language, nationality or culture
1848: Nationalistic Revolutions will breakout in Europe
The Congress of Vienna fails to stop nationalist revolutions

4. Nationalism Challenges Conservative Rule
1) The Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs
The Austrians controlled at least 12 different ethnic groups
Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848 (Czechs). Hungary also wants to split from Austria (1866)
Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary.
1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Prussia would gain much of Austria’s northern German States
1848
1866
1866

5. 1827 2)The Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks
The Ottomans controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, and several other Slavic areas
Revolutions breakout in Greece (1827) & the Balkans
1827
Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans must grant equal citizenship to all

6. Louis-Philippe(XVIII) comes to power starts 3rd Republic
18 years later, French grow tired of a monarchy (again!) and violence erupts (again!)
New constitution is created (again!) calling for a president to share power with the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again!)
Radicals in France
French elect a new President named Louis-Napoleon (Nap’s nephew)
4 years later = “Emperor Napoleon III”
Napoleon III begins to modernize France and create jobs

7. Answer these questions in complete sentences in your notes (p. 256)
Who was the King of France in 1830 and why did the people reject him?
Who became the new King and why did the people accept him?
What happened in France as radicals split into factions?
Why do you think the people elect Louis-Napoleon as President?

8. King Victor Emmanuel II Camillo di Cavour
Unification of Italy
In the N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister
Cavour wants to unify all Italians.
The armies of Cavour & Napoleon III beats Austria & gains all of N. Italy except for the Venetian Region
Sardinia
King Victor Emmanuel II
Camillo di Cavour

9. Textbook: Page 261 Questions 1-3
S. Italy- nationalists are led by Giuseppe Garibaldi
From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against conservatives in S. Italy & unites S. Italian Kingdoms
King VE & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Want to unite all Italy
Victor Emmanuel will be King, Di Cavour Prime Minister
The two remaining states, Venice & the Papal states would join the rest of Italy in 1866 & 1870
The Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would now become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy
Textbook: Page 261 Questions 1-3
Rome
Pope Pius XI
Garibaldi

10. Unification of Germany
Riots in Berlin force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom of Prussia (new King and Parliament)
Wilhelm I = new King of Prussia
Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become his Prime Minister
Bismarck was a master of “real politik” meaning politics of reality (tough/practical)
Bismarck runs the country w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron
Wilhelm I
Bismarck’s goal = expand Prussia’s territory & unite all of the German states
Weak will be devoured by the strong!
1st, he convinces Austria to join him in a war against Denmark
Otto von Bismarck

11. Read History Makers – Von Bismarck p. 262
Prussia would then turn against Austria & starts the Seven Weeks War
The loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia N. German states
2nd, Prussia would then go to war with France to gain control of southern German states
Prussia will win the Franco-Prussian War – humiliation for Napoleon III
3rd, Prussia unites all of the new territory into the German Empire aka the Second Reich (Empire)
Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Prime Minister (Chancellor)
Read History Makers – Von Bismarck p. 262

12. Guided Reading 8:3 Part B
Answer the following questions based on what you just read on page 262 (History Makers – Otto von Bismarck)
What are two different opinions of Otto von Bismarck?
What were characteristics of his speeches?
What do you think he means by his quote about the destiny of the weak?
Re-read his last quote about Germans and war. Is he a hypocrite? Why?