1. NATIONALISM: ITALY & GERMANY

2. Austrian Empire Weakens Austrian Empire Brought together 9 ethnic groups Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-Prussian War gained control of N. German Confederation Austrian leader Francis Joseph pressured by Hungarians to divide him empire in half Austrian and Hungary became independent states Empire now called Austria-Hungary Separated into several nation- states after WWI

3. Russian Empire Weakens Nationalism broke 370 year empire ruled by czars Ruled over Russians, Ukranians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks. Each group had its own culture Russification During Romanov dynasty Russification- forcing Russian culture to all groups in Russia Attempt to strengthen control Backfired by strengthening nationalist feelings/led to disunification of Russia Led to Russia’s breakdown after WWI & Communist Rev.

4. Ottoman Empire Weakens Controlled by the Turks Ruled over Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians 1856- Ottomans grant equal citizenship to all people due to French/British pressure Angered the Turks Armenian Genocide Massacred and deported thousands of Armenians Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI

5. Italy’s Expansion Camillo di Cavour Chosen as Sardinia’s (Italy) Prime Minister Used alliances/diplomacy to gain control of N. Italy Realized that Austrian empire was roadblock for expansion Made and Alliance with Napoleon III (French Emperor) Provoked a war with Austria and France joined the fight

6. Garibaldi Brings Unity Guiseppe Garibaldi Southern Italy Bold/visionary soldier Wore a bright red shirt into battle Him & followers known as “Red Shirts” Conquered/united all of Southern Italy Rome became capital of United Kingdom of Italy Vatican City- section of Rome controlled by the Pope

7. Uniting Germany Austrian Empire dominated Germany Prussia wanted to Unify all German states Prussia was majority German population Prussia’s army most powerful in Europe Riots in Berlin (current Germany capital) forced writing of constitution Otto von Bismark Chosen as Prime Minister Junker-conservative/wealthy land owner Mastered realpolitik -politics of reality

8. German Unification Austria & Prussia form an alliance & fight Denmark Alliance started by Bismark Won two border provinces Schleswig & Holstein Seven Weeks War Bismark (Prussia) stirred up border dispute w/ Austria Prussia crushed Austria More land for German Annexation

9. Franco Prussian War 1867- few southern German states were not under Prussian control Bismark Argued that a war with France would rally the south to unite with Prussia Expert at manufacturing incidents Made up a lie that French ambassador insulted Prussian King France declared war on Prussia Prussian army poured into France Took France under siege- forced surrender 1871

10. Franco Prussian War Cont’d King Wilhelm I-Prussia Crowned kaiser- emperor Germany called their empire 2 nd reich

11. Shift in Power 1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 great powers 1. Great Britain 2. France 3. Austria 4. Prussia 5. Russia Mid 1800s- Prussia and German states unite to form Germany 1871- GB and Germany were most powerful economically, and militarily