Solutions can be Dilute or Concentrated A dilute solution has a small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent. A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute within a solvent example: orange juice

Definitions Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature

Definitions SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved Supersaturated solutions are unstable.

Acids and Bases

Acids An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+). Properties Examples Sour taste batteries Conduct Electricity Vinegar Donates proton or H+ All acids contain H Citrus Fruits Turns litmus paper red Hydrochloric Acid

Bases A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions. Properties Examples Bitter taste soaps Slippery to the touch Dissolves fats or oils Chalk accepts proton All bases contain OH ammonia Turn Litmus paper Blue Calcium Hydroxide

pH (potential of Hydrogen) is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

A pH of a solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen (H+). The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. 7 is neutral. Acids range from 0-7. Bases range from 7-14.

pH of Common Substances Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335

Acids and bases neutralize each other. When the negative ion of an acid joins the positive ion of a base, they form a substance called a _______________. An acid-base reaction is called a _____________________________ reaction. Acids donate hydrogen ions, and bases accept hydrogen ions. When the negative ion of an acid joins the positive ion of a base, they form a substance called a salt An acid-base reaction is called a neutralization reaction.

An indicator is a compound (dye) that changes color in an acid or base or in both.

Phenol red: Phenolphthalein: Orange/yellow = acids clear = acids and neutral pink = bases Phenol red: Orange/yellow = acids red = neutral pink = bases