1. Solutions, Acids and Bases

2. Solutions, Solubility and Concentration
Solution – mixture that has the same composition, color, density and taste throughout
Solute – substance being dissolved
Solvent – substance doing dissolving
Solutions can also be gaseous, like the air you breathe, or even solid, like brass and sterling silver

3. Solutions, Solubility and Concentration
When forming a solution, there are three ways to speed up the rate of the dissolving process:
Stirring – brings more solvent in contact with solute
Increase surface area – by breaking up a solid, for instance, by crushing it into a powder, allows more solvent to come in contact with solute
Increase temperature – increasing temperature speeds up particles causing them to bump each other, breaking apart and coming in contact with solvent

4. Solutions, Solubility and Concentration
Solubility – maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature
Concentration – percent by volume of solute in solvent
Concentrated – large amount of solute in solvent
Dilute – small amount of solute in solvent

5. Solutions, Solubility and Concentration Types of solutions:
Saturated
Contains all solute it can hold at given temperature
Unsaturated
Able to dissolve more solute at given temperature
Supersaturated
Contains more solute than a saturated one
Solution is unstable

6. Acids, bases and salts
Acid – substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
Four Properties of Acids:
Acids taste sour
Acids are electrolytes (can conduct electricity in a solution)
Acids are corrosive
Acids react with indicators to produce a predictable color change

7. Acids, bases and salts
Base – substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; also accepts H+ from acids
Also called alkaline
Five Properties of Bases:
In undissolved state, many bases are crystalline solid
In solution, bases feel slippery
Bases have a bitter taste
Strong bases are corrosive
Bases react with indicators

8. Acids, bases and salts
Indicator – organic compound that changes color in the presence of acid or base
Ex. Litmus paper
Neutralization – chemical reaction between an acid and a base in a water solution that results in formation of salt and water
Salt – compound formed when ions of an acid combine with ions from a base

9. Strength of Acids and Bases
The strength of an acid or base depends on how many acid or base particles dissociate into ions in water
Strong acid – ionizes almost completely in water
Weak acid – only partly ionizes in solution
Strong base – dissociates completely in solution
Weak base – does not completely dissociate

10. Strength of Acids and Bases
The terms strong and weak refer to the ease in which an acid or base dissociates in a solution
Concentration
The terms dilute and concentrated are used to indicate the amount of acid or base dissolved in a solution
*It is possible to have dilute solutions of strong acids and bases, as well as concentrated solutions of weak acids and bases.

11. Strength of Acids and Bases
pH – measure of concentration of H+ ions in a solution or how acidic or basic it is
pH scale typically ranges from
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
Weak Base
Strong Base

12. Strength of Acids and Bases