1. Solution Chemistry

2. Solutions
A mixture in which the molecules are equally distributed (homogeneous)
Properties
2 parts: solute - substance dissolved
solvent - dissolving medium
particles are small atoms, ions, or molecules
Can be separated by physical means
May or may not conduct electricity
Most common solvent is water (universal solvent)
Solutions with water as solvent are aqueous solutions
Tinctures have alcohol as the solvent

3. Solutions and Conductivity
Electrolytes are substances whose water solutions conduct electricity well due to presence of ions - strong acids and strong bases
Nonelectrolytes do not conduct electricity well - sugar, water, alcohol, weak acids and weak bases

4. Solubility
The measure of how much of a solute can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent
Rate of solubility can be increased by
increasing temperature (solid in liquid)
decreasing temperature (gas in liquid)
increase pressure (gas in liquid only)
movement
increasing surface area of solute

5. Solution Concentration
The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent
concentrated - a lot of solute
dilute - little solute
Saturated - solution that contains all the solute it possibly can at a given temperature
Unsaturated - solution that can contain more solute at a given temperature
Supersaturated - holding more solute than normally possible at that temperature

6. Special properties
A solute dissolved in a liquid solvent lowers the freezing point
Also raises the boiling point

7. Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Osmosis – special type of diffusion, movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher concentration of WATER to an area of lower concentration of water

8. Isotonic solution – solution has an equal osmotic pressure
Hypertonic solution – solution with a greater concentration than the inside of a cell, will cause cell to shrink
Hypotonic solution – solution with a lesser concentration than the inside of a cell, will cause cell to swell and sometimes rupture, in a plant cell increases turgor pressure
Demo -

9. ACIDS AND BASES

10. Acids Taste sour Turn litmus paper from blue to red
Makes phenolphthalein colorless
Usually contain hydrogen
React with active metals to form hydrogen gas and a metal compound
Proton donors – contain more hydronium ions (H30+)
pH below 7

11. Bases Taste bitter Slippery to the touch
Can be corrosive and poisonous
Turn litmus paper from red to blue
Turn phenolphthalein bright pink
Emulsify (dissolve) fats and oils
Proton acceptor- contain more hydroxide ions (OH-)
pH above 7

12. pH Measure of the hydronium ion (H30+) concentration
indicates how acidic a solution is - hydronium ion is formed by the attraction between a hydrongen ion and water
7 is neutral
below 7- acid : above 7 - base
indicators include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, pH paper, methyl orange, bromthymol blue, red cabbage juice, grape juice, blackberry jam and tea

13. Acid/Base Reactions Reaction is called neutralization
The products of an acid/base reaction are salt and water
Many salts created by these reactions are insoluble in water and crystallize - these fall out of the solution and are called precipitates
a neutralization reaction is a double replacement reaction