1. Acids, Bases and Solutions
Georgia Performance Standard:
Students will investigate the properties of solutions
a. Describe solutions in terms of
Solute/solvent
Conductivity
Concentration
Observe factors affecting the rate a solute dissolves in a specific solvent.
Determine whether common household substances are acidic, basic or neutral.

2. Solution -- A homogeneous mixture where one material is dissolved in another… the dissolved particles are so small you can’t see them
Acids and Bases are typically dissolved in water as solutions.

3. Solubility
The maximum of amount of solute that normally dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature.
Solubility chart shows how much of a substance will dissolve at a particular temperature.
Soluble--- will dissolve in
Salt is soluble in water.
__________________ is soluble in water.
Insoluble– will NOT dissolve in
A _______________ is insoluble in water.
Ink is insoluble in water.

4. Saturated Solutions Saturated solution–
A solution in which the maximum amount of solvent has been dissolved. Any more solute added will sit as crystals on the bottom of the container.
Unsaturated solution –
 A solution in which more solute can be dissolved  
Supersaturated solution—
A solution that contains more solute than the solvent can normally hold at a given temperature

5. Solubility chart various materials

6. Using the graph below answer the following questions…
1.  What is the solubility of KNO3 at 35 degrees Celsius in g/100 cm3 of water?
2. How many grams would dissolve of the KNO3 if you only had 50 cm3 of water?
3.  How many grams would dissolve of the KNO3 if you only had 25 cm3 of water?
4. At what temperature would 30 grams of KClO3 dissolve in 100 cm3 of water?
5.  At what temperature would the solution be saturated if 25 g of KNO3 were present in 100 cm3 of water?

8. Acids
The simplest acid/base theory defines an acid as a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution.
Acids are made of H+ ions combined with one or more nonmetals
Examples of common acids
Vinegar, citrus fruits, tomatoes, tea, carbonated drinks, battery acid

9. Acids Acids have distinctive properties Have a sour taste
Turn blue litmus paper red
Turns red litmus paper red
Have a pH less than (<) 7
Can neutralize bases
React with active metals to produce hydrogen gas

10. Bases
A base is defined as a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution
Bases are metals combined with OH-
Common bases are
Soap, shampoo, lye, window cleaner, drain cleaner, antacid, ammonia, bleach

11. Bases Bases have distinctive properties Have a slippery feel
Taste bitter
Turn red litmus paper BLUE
Turn blue litmus paper blue
Have a pH greater than (>) 7
Neutralizes acids

12. Acids and Bases
When combined, acids and bases will produce water and a salt.
The salt forms from the negative ion of the acid and the positive ion from the base.
The H+ and OH- combine to form water
This is a NEUTRALIZATION reaction.
Identify the acid, base, salt and water in the neutralization reaction below.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

13. Electrolytes
An electrolyte is a compound that produces ions when it dissolves in a solvent (and therefore it is a good conductor of electricity)
Strong Acids are good electrolytes
Weak Acids are poor electrolytes
Strong Bases are good electrolytes
Weak Bases are poor electrolytes
Explain why.

14. Stronger Acids are better Electrolytes because…
Stronger Acids are better Electrolytes because…. They dissociate more and produce more H+ ions
Stronger Bases BETTER ELECTROLYTES
Because…
dissociate more than
weaker bases producing
More OH- ions…

15. pH Scale
The concentration of acids and bases are described by the pH scale
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14
The lower the pH the more H+ (acidic)
The higher the pH the more OH- (basic)
Pure water has a pH of 7 and is Neutral
Neutral – having equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

16. pH scale Some organic compounds change color in different pH solutions
These compounds are called indicators because they are used to determine the pH of other materials
Common indicators
Litmus paper (Acid-red/Base-blue)
Phenolphthalein (Acid-no color / Base-pink)
pH paper
Red Cabbage juice is a natural indicator

17. pH Scale
Acidic 0 to 6.00
Neutral 7
Basic

18. How to increase rate of solubility of a substance in a solution
Crush it
heat it
3. Stir it