March 13, 2007 DRILL Architecture Styles and Vocabulary QUIZ tomorrow Construction QUIZ on Wednesday

Architecture Styles Video U2-L3 Architecture Styles Video Identify 1 person/thing associated with the time period of each style covered

U2-L3 Structural Forces Methods of counteracting lateral loads:

U2-L3 Strength of Materials Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. Vertical Horizontal

U2-L3 Strength of Materials Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. No deflection

U2-L3 Foundations Methods and materials vary across the country, but the basic principles of foundation construction are the same.

Foundations Every structure needs a foundation: U2-L3 Foundations Every structure needs a foundation: Provides a level and uniformly distributed support. Prevents walls from cracking Prevents doors and windows from sticking Prevents cold air and dampness from entering Waterproof basements Form supporting walls for the basement

Materials and Components U2-L3 Materials and Components Bearing Surface The area under a foundation (soil) Must be capable of bearing the load Concrete A combination of cement (clay and limestone), water, stone aggregate, and chemicals that improve strength or workability. Strong compression strength Decay-proof

Materials and Components U2-L3 Materials and Components Concrete Block – commonly referred to as cinderblock Reinforcing Bars (Rebars) Concrete resists compression well To resist tension, steel bars add reinforcement

Materials and Components U2-L3 Materials and Components Wire Mesh Steel-welded mesh is used in slabs in place of rebar Rebar Wire Mesh

Materials and Components U2-L3 Materials and Components Rebar and Wire Mesh Rebar Wire Mesh

Materials and Components U2-L3 Materials and Components Footings (or footers) Bases of foundations and foundation walls Concrete – firm contact with supporting soil, decay-proof, withstand heavy weights 2 types: Continuous – extend under walls and around perimeter Individual – support vertical structural members only

Types of Foundations 1. T-Foundation 2. Slab Foundation U2-L3 Types of Foundations 1. T-Foundation 2. Slab Foundation 3. Pier-and-Column 4. Permanent Wood A footing and a wall: poured concrete or concrete block Necessary in structures with basements Prepared by: Pouring the footing into an excavated trench Leveling the top of the footing Erecting a concrete block or masonry wall on top of footing

Types of Foundations 1. T-Foundation U2-L3 Types of Foundations 1. T-Foundation Materials used in the construction of foundation walls Concrete, Stone, Brick, Concrete Block Construction of a basement

Types of Foundations 2. Slab Foundation Made of reinforced concrete U2-L3 Types of Foundations 2. Slab Foundation Made of reinforced concrete Two types: Monolithic (one stone) Slab Floor and footing are poured as 1 piece Two-piece Footings poured separately from the floor slabs

U2-L3 Types of Foundations 2. Slab Foundation

3. Pier-and-Column Foundations U2-L3 Types of Foundations 3. Pier-and-Column Foundations Individual footings (piers) Sloped or Stepped Spread load of structure with minimal added volume Posts and columns placed upon footings Vertical members support girders and beams Posts – short and usually made of wood Columns – long and usually made of masonry Used alone or in conjunction with foundation walls Fewer materials and less labor needed Seldom used in basements – occupy needed space

3. Pier-and-Column Foundations U2-L3 Types of Foundations 3. Pier-and-Column Foundations Piles – Piers driven into soil or bedrock without separate footing

4. Permanent Wood Foundations U2-L3 Types of Foundations 4. Permanent Wood Foundations Constructed solely of wood Pressure-treated with wood preservatives Permanently protects the foundation from fungi, termites, and other causes of decay Highly stress resistant 2 advantages Absorbs and distributes what frequently cracks other foundations Prevents moisture problems typical of basements

4. Permanent Wood Foundations U2-L3 Types of Foundations 4. Permanent Wood Foundations