1. MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION I
TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
SOFIA SEBASTIAN

2. TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES
LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURES
WOOD FRAMED CONSTRUCTION
WOOD FRAMED CONSTRUCTION
STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES
LOAD BEARING MASONRY
WALL CONSTRUCTION
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL STRUCTURES

3. CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
reinforced cement concrete, or RCC
RCC is concrete that contains steel bars, called reinforcement bars, or rebars..
Good combination because concrete is very strong in compression and steel is very strong in tension
formwork
pouring in the liquid concrete into the formwork
The concrete will become hard in a matter of hours, but takes a month to reach its full strength
steel reinforcement bars, and ties them in place using wire..the tied steel is called a reinforcement cage
During this time the concrete must be cured, or supplied with water on its surface
prepare the concrete, by mixing cement, sand, stone chips in a range of sizes, and water in a cement mixer

4. Dead Loads Wind Loads Live Loads Earthquake Loads
This frame of columns and beams are tied together and becomes very strong.
The structural frame resist the various loads that act on a building
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Earthquake loads
Dead Loads
downwards force
weight of the building 
including the structural elements, walls, facades,
Wind Loads
Horizontal force
for tall buildings
buildings with large surface area
Live Loads
downwards force
occupants and their possessions, including furniture, books,
Earthquake Loads
Horizontal force

5. Shear walls
very large columns
400mm thick by 3m long
making them appear like walls rather than columns
Horizontal forces and vertical loads
Elevator boxes
vertical boxes for elevators
good structural elements for horizontal loads and vertical loads.

6. WALLS IN CONCRETE FRAME BUILDINGS
CLADDING OF CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
Concrete frame structures are strong and economical, so any walling materials can be used..
heavier options -  masonry walls of brick, concrete block, or stone
strong, secure, and sound-proof enclosures
brick or concrete blocks - plaster the entire surface with cement plaster to form a hard, long-lasting finish
lighter options - drywall partitions made of light steel or wood studs covered with sheeting material
quick, flexible lightweight partitions
Common cladding materials are glass, aluminum panels, stone sheets, and ceramic facades.
brick or stone.

7. LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION
from the 1700s to the mid-1900s
it consists of heavy brick or stone walls that support horizontal floor slabs
rarely used today for large buildings
smaller residential-scale structures
consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of brick or stone that support the entire structure
horizontal floor slabs made of reinforced concrete, wood, or steel members. 
Concrete block
brick
Stone block

8. LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION
every wall acts as a load carrying element
cannot punch many holes
wall had a simple continuous strip foundation below it
WHY IS LOAD BEARING WALL CONSTRUCTION NOT USED TODAY?
It does not perform very well in earthquakes
extremely labor-intensive - made by hand; very slow construction speeds
extremely material-intensive - lot of bricks; very heavy; not green

9. STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES
Mild steel 
Very strong
Flexibility - can bend without cracking
Plasticity or ductility - When subjected to great force, it will not suddenly crack like glass, but slowly bend out of shape
WHERE STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES ARE USED
High rise buildings because of its strength, low weight, and speed of construction
Industrial buildings because of its ability to create large span spaces at low cost
Residential buildings in a technique called light gauge steel construction
Temporary Structures as these are quick to set up and remove
quickly loses its strength in a fire
500 °C -  lose almost half its strength
collapse of the World Trade Towers in 2001

10. ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES
super-quick to build at site - pre-fabrication at the factory.
flexible - very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such as wind or earthquake forces.
wide range of ready-made structural sections available, C, and angle sections
any kind of shape and clad with any type of material
wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding, and riveting

11. DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES
They lose strength at high temperatures, and are susceptible to fire.
They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environments.
welding
bolting
riveting

12. TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION  WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Characteristics
light, and allows quick construction with no heavy tools or equipment main tool is a handheld nail gun
adapt itself to any geometric shape
clad with a variety of materials
not highly fireproof
not strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes and hurricanes
Studs are vertical wooden members within the walls.
Joists are the horizontal wooden beams that support the floors.
Rafters are the sloping wooden beams that support the roof.
Sheathing are the sheets that are nailed over the studs to connect them securely and form the wall surfaces.
Siding is the exterior cladding that covers the walls from the outside

13. TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
PLATFORM FRAME STRUCTURES
Balloon frame structures
Steps to building the Platform frame structures
Erect the ground floor platform, a horizontal wooden platform over the foundation.
Build all the walls upto a height of one storey. This can easily be done by building each wall flat - on the floor platform - and then tilting it vertically.
Build the next floor platform.
Erect the next set of vertical walls in the same manner on the top of the second platform.
Build the sloping roof over the walls.

14. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION
very similar to wood framed construction
wooden framing members are replaced with thin steel sections 
cold formed sections - sections are formed, or given shape at room temperature
Cold formed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of steel through a series of rollers, each roller changing the shape very slightly, with the net result of converting a flat sheet of steel into a C or S-shaped section.
steel coated with zinc (called galvanized) or a mixture of zinc and aluminum to protect it from corrosion.

15. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Like in wooden framed construction,
a frame of steel members is first constructed, and
then clad with dry sheeting on both sides to form a load bearing wall.
Construction with steel follows the platform frame system of house building.
Connections between members are made with self tapping self drilling screws
pre-punched sections - sections with factory-made holes in them - wires and plumbing
The gaps between members are filled with insulation.
non-structural framing, such as interior partitions or external cladding

16. ADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION
They are light, and allow quick construction
The main tool is a light, handheld screw gun without heavy tools or equipment
higher strength allows greater spacing between members
able to shape itself to any form, and
can be clad and insulated with a wide range of materials
change or modify this construction during its life span
non-combustible
do not rot, shrink, warp, or decompose like wood structures, and can be used in areas where there is a probability of termite attack
DISADVANTAGES OF LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION
allow the passage of sound more readily than the more solid masonry construction
will lose strength in the advent of fire. Clad the steel with fire rated sheeting or drywall