1. U2-L2 March 11, 2008 QUIZ FRIDAY – Architecture Styles QUIZ WEDNESDAY – Construction Methods

2. Also, be able to match vocabulary with definition or picture. U2-L2 STYLES / VOCAB QUIZ FRIDAY Be able to identify all styles and at least 3 characteristics.

3. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND Principle – a rule or code of conduct Humans were nomadic –Natural caves or portable tents made of animal skins Settled down in fixed locations near fertile areas –Bearing Walls – solid walls that provide support for each other and for the roof –Post-and-Lintel – a horizontal beam (lintel) across at least two vertical posts

4. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Post-and-Lintel Problem –In the West, stone was material used most often. –Stone is heavy, so space between posts was limited.

5. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND Romans – used stone –Arch – smaller, lighter blocks of stone supported by leaning on the keystone in the center –Vault – a series of arches that forms a continuous arched covering Barrel Vault Cross Vault –Dome – many arches arranged so their based form a circle and their tops meet in the center

6. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND

7. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION BACKGROUND Gothic Arch – pointed at top –Bearing structure –Buttress (pilaster) – added support at the base –Flying buttress – supports side of wall without added weight

8. U2-L2 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION Buildings are divided into 3 types: –Bearing-Wall Structures Solid walls that support the weight of the walls, floors, and roof –Post-and-Beam –Skeleton-Frame Structures Open, self-supporting framework covered by an outer, nonbearing surface Principle – a rule or code of conduct

9. U2-L2 Structural Forces Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion: 1.Inertia: objects at rest stay at rest; objects in motion stay in motion 2. F = ma 3.Action/Reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

10. U2-L2 Structural Forces Another way to look at it: –How much do you weigh? –You are pushing down on the earth that amount of force. –The earth is pushing up on you with an equal amount. What would happen if the earth were pushing up with more force? Less force?

11. U2-L2 Structural Forces Structural stability is based on the strength and placement of structural members. Four types of force exert stress on building materials: –Compression – push; tends to flatten/buckle –Tension – pull; tends to stretch –Shear – slide; material fractures –Torsion – twist; twist out of shape or fracture

12. U2-L2 Structural Forces Tension

13. U2-L2 Structural Forces Compression

14. U2-L2 Structural Forces Torsion

15. U2-L2 Structural Forces Shear

16. U2-L2 Structural Forces Compression Tension

17. Structural Forces Loads: 1.Live Loads: the weight of all moveable objects, such as people and furniture; includes weight of snow, ice, and force of wind 2.Dead Loads: the weight of building materials and permanently installed components. Lumber, brick, glass, nails The total weight or mass of all live and dead loads is the Building Load. U2-L3

18. Structural Forces A building supports the following loads in the middle of winter: 10,000 lbs of lumber 1000 lbs. of snow and ice 40,000 lbs of brick 300 lbs of wind 600 lbs of glass 200 lbs of nails 1.Calculate the Live Load. 2.Calculate the Dead Load. 3.Calculate the Building Load.

19. U2-L3 Structural Forces Lateral (horizontal) loads: 1.Wind 2.Earth (next to the foundation) 3.Earthquakes

20. U2-L3 Structural Forces Methods of counteracting lateral loads: 1. Roof

21. Methods of counteracting lateral loads: 2. Diagonal ties add Rigidity U2-L3 Structural Forces

22. Methods of counteracting lateral loads: 3. Added Reinforcement U2-L3 Structural Forces

23. Methods of counteracting lateral loads: U2-L3 Structural Forces

24. U2-L3 Structural Forces Roof Loads High-pitch roofs contribute to high wind loads

25. U2-L3 Strength of Materials Strength of a construction material is the capacity to support loads by resisting the 4 structural forces. Strength depends on material –Type –Size –Shape

26. U2-L3 Strength of Materials Strength depends on material –Shape

27. U2-L3 Strength of Materials Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. –Vertical –Horizontal

28. U2-L3 Strength of Materials Deflection – bending that results from both tension and compression acting on a member at the same time. –No deflection

29. U2-L3 Strength of Materials Cantilever – when only one end of a horizontal member is supported –Center-supported – center supports equal dead loads on all sides –Eccentric (off center) – cantilevered on only one side Causes TORSION