1. Component or parts of a building
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2. Construction of foundation
Foundation is a very important part of a building
Different types of foundations are
Shallow Foundations
Strip Foundation
Footing foundation
Raft foundation
Deep foundation
Pile foundation
Pier foundation
In Framed construction, we use footings as the foundation for the column
The brick work for walls starts from grade beams connecting columns
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3. Construction of plinth
Plinth is the dividing line between the substructure and the superstructure. The projecting part of the wall above the ground level to the floor level is the plinth. It is capped by a beam called the plinth beam
Provision of a plinth beam and damp proof course at plinth level are very important
Plinth is usually 45 cm above the ground level
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4. Construction of walls and columns
Walls are mostly made of masonry. – brick, block work, stone work, etc
Load bearing walls, Partition walls
Framed structure with columns and footings and then in-filled.
Most of the Flats and high rise buildings are built this way.
Arches and lintels are also used in masonry walls
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5. Construction of floors
Ground floors constructed on the ground
Top floors are made of reinforced concrete
Load bearing walls, Partition walls
Concrete work, formwork and placing of steel reinforcement
Floor finishes
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Construction of Roof
Roofs must be water proof, heat proof or weather roof
Overview- Roofing assemblies consist of two parts:
1. the substrate (structural frame and deck), that provides a surface for the...
2. roofing (the actual water barrier that protects the substrate, and everything beneath it).
There are two main categories of roofing:
steep-slope (based on a water shedding, overlapping principle);
low-slope (often incorrectly called "flat;" although it is possible, but unusual, to design a roof that is literally flat:
based on watertight, continuous membrane)
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7. Construction of Doors and windows
Openings are necessary for passages inside and outside the building
Windows for lighting and ventilation
Cost of doors and windows – 10-20% of the total cost of civil works
Windows – woodwork, steel and aluminium
Construction of Stairs and lifts
Most buildings are more than one storey high. Study of staircase is very important
Electrical lifts is necessary for more than 4 floors (G+3)
Construction of Building finishes
Plastering, pointing
Painting of walls, wood work, grill work, etc
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Foundation
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Foundation – Loads on foundation
Foundation is the part of the construction where the base of the building meets the ground.
Foundations are usually placed below ground level because the surrounding ground provides
Stability
Protection against impact
Protection from the extremes of weather such as excessive rain or drought
Depth of the foundation varies according to the site, but the best load bearing ground is 90cm below the surface
Two types of foundations
Natural foundation – Ground underneath the base of the building after the excavations are completed
Artificial foundation – structure that lie between the building and the natural foundation
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Foundation – Loads on foundation
An artificial foundation carries the building loads
Dead loads- weight of all the fixed parts of the building such as the walls, floors, ceilings and services such as sanitary fittings and plumbing
Superimposed loads/ live loads – weight of the people, furniture and machines that will occupy the building after completion
Wind loads – pressures on the walls and roofs from the wind. Wind load is very important in tall building’s foundation
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Foundation – Loads on foundation
Lateral loads
Sliding
Overturning
uplift
Soil & Water Pressure
Anchoring against lateral loads
Horizontal Movement
Earthquake
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Conditions that affect foundations
The load bearing capacity of the ground
The depth where you will suitable load bearing soil
The distance from trees which can affect the stability of the soil
The level of the water table
The normal variation in the water table
The total weight of the building. If the building is heavier than the soil that was removed, then there will be some settlement as the soil adjust to the new load
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Settlement in foundation
Settlement is the gradual sinking of a structure as the soil below its foundation consolidates after loading.
On dense, granular soils, such as coarse sand and gravel, this consolidation is usually slight and occurs quickly as loads are applied.
When the foundation soil is a moist, cohesive clay, which has a relatively large percentage of voids, consolidation can be quite large and occur slowly over a longer period of time.
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Differential Settlement in foundation
Differential settlement is the relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by uneven consolidation of the foundation soil.
This can cause a building to shift out of plumb
and cracks to occur in its foundation, structure, or finishes.
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15. Foundation systems Foundations Shallow Spread footing Raft foundation
Deep
Pile &
Caisson
Isolated footing
Strip footing
Stepped footing
Combined footing
Cantilever or strap footing
Continuous footing
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Foundation systems
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
Used where the soil is strong with good bearing capacity.
Used when the soil under a
foundation is unstable or of lesser bearing capacity.
Placed directly below the superstructure.
Extend down through unsuitable soil to a more stronger soil stratum.
Loads are transferred directly to the supporting soil.
Transfer building loads to
a the strong stratum well below the superstructure.
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Types of Foundation
Concrete strip foundation
Deep strip foundation
Raft foundation
Pad foundation
Stepped strip foundation
Pile foundation
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Types of Foundation
Concrete strip foundation
Used frequently
Consist of continuous mass concrete strips poured in the bottom of trenches
This foundation supports load bearing walls which are centered.
This concrete strip is of uniform width and depth
Must be deep enough to avoid soil movement
Depending on soil depth – the maximum depth – 90cm
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Types of Foundation
Deep strip foundation
Variation of strip foundation
Usually dug with a mechanical excavator
Cuts a narrow trench that is filled with concrete upto ground level
Use more concrete
Reduce the cost of masonry walls
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Types of Foundation
For soil which has poor bearing capacity
When the building loads are quite small and the cost of digging separate foundation is eliminated
The over-site concrete slab becomes the raft foundation
Slag can be thickened at the edges with an edge beam and thickened underneath internal load bearing walls
Mesh reinforcement increases the strength of the raft foundation and distributes the pressures of the building loads evenly
Raft foundation
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Types of Foundation
Pad foundation
Isolated foundations
To support concrete columns
Square concrete pad foundation distributes the load evenly on the ground
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Built on sloping sites
Reduce the cost of foundation along the perimeter of the building
The higher level foundation should extend over and meet with the lower one for a distance not less than its thickness
Not less than 30cm
Types of Foundation
Stepped foundation
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Types of Foundation
Soil conditions are poor at the surface, then we use pile foundations
Trial holes indicate the depth of suitable load bearing soil
As deep as 2 or 3m
Two types of pile foundation
Bored or replacement piles
Driven dispalcement piles
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Pile foundation
Load bearing walls
Piles are usually driven in clusters of two or more.
Pile cap joins the heads of a cluster of piles to distribute the load from a column or grade beam equally among the piles.
Steel H-sections, concrete-filled pipes, or precast reinforced or pre-stressed concrete are common pile materials.
Tie beams integrated with pile caps
Pile caps
Friction piles
End bearing piles
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Types of Foundation
Bored or replacement piles
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Types of Foundation
Driven or displacement piles
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