1. BEAMS AND COLUMNS

2. BEAMS
Plain and R.C.C are mainly used in construction of all types of building
BEAMS:
Beams is a horizontal member of structure , it bear load as it support roofs and slab and it transfer the whole weight to the column

3. BEAMS
R.C.C. BEAM:
R.C.C. beam is subjected to bending moments and shear . The strength of the R.C.C. beams is depend on the composite action of concrete and steel .
MAIN REINFORCEMENT BARS:
It used in high tenstion zone so that concrete take the compressive stresses and steel take all the tensile stresses

4. BEAMS

5. TYPES OF BEAMS: DEPEND ON SUPPORT
Simply supported beam
Fixed beam
Cantilever beam
Continuous beam
Overhanging beam

6. DEPEND ON SUPPORT: SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:
Two ends of the beam are kept free . This type of beam is not used in practice due to the chance of rotation of beam as there is no support.
FIXED BEAM:
the beams are support at both the end by fixing it in to walls it avoid bending

7. DEPEND ON SUPPORT: CATILEVER BEAM:
The one end is fixed to the wall and other end is set free so top side have tension and compression zone in bottom side
It is used in slab support
Eg: balcony portico
CONTINUOUS BEAM:
Two or more support is given . This beam economical for any span lengths

8. DEPEND ON SUPPORT: OVERHANGING BEAM:
It one end is extends beyond the wall . Unsupported end case a overhanging

9. DEPENDS ON REINFORCEMENT
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:
Steel bars are supported only at one end
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM:
Steel bars are supported at both the side ,top and bottom

10. TYPES OF LOADING ON BEAMS
CONCENTRATED LOAD
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
UNIFORMLY VARYING LOADS
ARBITRARY LOADING

11. COLUMNS It is vertical structure
It transfer load from beams and roofs to foundation
Bricks , Timber , R.C.C are used as column
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
It depend upon the condition of end support of the column.

12. TYPES OF COLUMN Short column:
LONG COLUMN OR SLENDER:
The ratio of the effective length to the lateral dimension of the column is >12.
Short column:
The ratio of the effective length to the least dimension is <= 12
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN:
Column with length that between the short and long column

13. R.C.C . COLUMN
The effective length of compression member is equal to or less than thrice the lateral dimension the member is made of plain concrete . For more than thrice the least lateral dimension the member should be of R.C.C

14. LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF R.C.C. COLUMN:
The percentage of steel used is large in a column the concrete fails first. When the percent of steel is high then column will be more strong