Vini, Vidi, Vici Divide et Impera Iacta Alea Est Draco dormiens nunquam titilandus

 Involved  Julius Caesar  Pompey (not Pompeii, that is a city)  Crassus  Crassus dies in the battle of Carrhae  Caesar’s daughter Julia dies (why is this important?)  Civil war breaks out between Caesar and Pompey  The Senate backs up Pompey and tell Caesar to disband his army and give up Gaul  Caesar crosses the Rubicon river setting of a civil war (why is the Rubicon important)  stream bounding his province, to enter Italy

 Marc Anthony and Cassius aid Caesar  Civil war lasts for five years  Caesar finally defeats his enemies and takes control of Rome as sole ruler  He chases Pompey all the way through Egypt and into Greece where he meets…

 In Rome he pardoned all his enemies  Took the money from the coffers of the Senate and gave it to the people  Reformed the living conditions of the people by passing agrarian laws and by improving housing accommodations (bread and circuses)  drew up the elaborate plans (which Augustus later used) for consolidating the empire and establishing it securely  In the winter of 46 B.C.–45 B.C. he was in Spain putting down the last of the senatorial party under Gaeus Pompeius, the son of Pompey

 He returned to Rome in Sept.45 B.C.E., and was elected to his fifth consulship in 44 B.C.  same year he became dictator for life and set about planning a campaign against Parthia (Persia), the only real menace to Rome's borders.  His dictatorial powers aroused great resentment  was bitterly criticized by his enemies, who accused him of all manner of vices.  conspiracy was formed against him, however, it was made up of his friends and protégés, among them Cimber, Casca, Cassius, and Marcus Junius Brutus.  On Mar. 15 (the Ides of March), 44 B.C.E., he was stabbed to death in the senate house  His will leave everything to his 18-year-old grandnephew Octavian- later Augustus

 After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued  Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them (sealed with a marriage between Octavian’s sister and Marc Antony)  Lepidus was pushed from power  Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Marc Antony at the battle of Actium and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide  Octavian was left as master of Roman world

 Octavian claimed he would return control of republic to the Senate (really gave Senate power over provinces with weak military, while he kept provinces with large armies for himself)  He was given semi-divine name of Augustus and portrayed he was a descendant of Venus  Augustus changes his coins to mention Deius filius “son of god”  Expanded his power by becoming Tribune to the People to bridge the gap between the rich and poor  Only took the title of Princeps (first among the equals or First Citizen) but was in fact Rome’s first emperor  Emperors were the commander in chief of the army and head of the priesthood  Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions

 Period of Augustan peace called Principate  Flourishing of “Romanity” (arts, religion, civil service, literature, state sponsored architecture, mosaics and sculptures ie. 82 temples)  Had an imperial force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard to protect Rome  A great statesman and his system of bureaucracy lasted for 200 years

 Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates)  Estimated Rome population grew from inhabitants in the Republic ( c. 270 BCE) (130 BCE) to 1 million people under Augustus  At its peak, there could have been as many as 54 million people within the Roman empire (based on Roman census taken every 5 years as a basis for taxation)

 Step-son of Octavian/Augustus  Capable military leader  Tiberius succeeds Augustus as an emperor after his death  Tiberius started out well, but greed and paranoia stepped in  He spent most of his time on the Isle of Capri where he lived in depravity with Caligula

 Son of General Germanicus  Real name Gaius Germanicus  Raised with the army and given nickname “little boots”  Germanicus, his wife and older sons killed by Tiberius while Caligula watches  Tiberius raises Caligula on Capri (needless to say, Caligula did not have a normal childhood)  Caligula becomes emperor for a short while, attacks the sea then dies.

 Was the only heir left after the death of Tiberius and Caligula (friend)  Seen as weak because he had a limp and speech impediment (stutter)  Made the senate angry by having trials in private and for allowing lower class Greek men into his administration

 Undertook the conquest of Britain  He visited the island for 16 days, to preside over the capture of Colchester, the capital of the new province, and then returned to Rome in triumph  Claudius added Mauretania (Morocco), Thrace (the Balkans) and Lycia (part of Turkey) to the Roman Empire  Agrippina niece, wife, mother of Nero  Dies October AD due to poison

 Kills his mother…  new emperor paid more heed to his advisors Burrus and the philosopher Seneca  Burrus dies and Seneca retires  much of Rome was destroyed in a fire, for which Nero was blamed  diverted blame from himself by accusing the Christians - then a minor religious sect - of starting the fire, leading to a campaign of persecution

 Helped Romans made homeless by the fire and set about the necessary rebuilding of the city  appropriating a large area for a new palace for himself  68 AD, the Gallic and Spanish legions, along with the Praetorian Guards, rose against Nero and he fled Rome  The senate declared him a public enemy and he committed suicide on 9 June 68 CE and said “oh what an artist the world loses”

 Vespatian  Trajan  Marcus Aurelius  Nerva  Hadrian  Diocletian (ca. 280-ish)  Constantine the Great  Honorius Remember “divide et impera, amicci meum)