University of Khartoum Institute of Environmental Sciences Dip/ M.Sc in Environmental Sciences Semester 2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION COURSE By: Dr. Zeinab Osman Saeed

Lecture 1

Course Contents 1. Science, technology and population as sources of pollution. 2. Definition of pollution. 3. Sources of pollution (natural- anthropogenic). 4. Media of pollution. 5. Types of pollution. 6. Different aspects of atmospheric, hydrospheric, lithospheric and biospheric pollution

7. Pollution control (fundamental concepts- diferent methods) 8. Technological methods o pollution control. 9.Legislative methods.. 10.Cultural –educational.

Scientific thinking  Scientific research.  Environmental components ( air- water and land)

Human population  The U.S census bureau estimated that 6.4 billion people are living in the world.  20% of this population are living in the poorest countries.  Another 20% are living in the richest countries.

Human development indicators  The UNDP-2004 showed that:

Human development indicators IndicatorPoor countries Rich countrie s GDP/Capita230$27.460$ Total fertility Safe drinking water44%99% Adult literacy38%99% Annual population growth 2.6%0.3%

 Small population= biodegradable waste  Large population= wastes can not be broken.  With population increase, cities appear with high energy demands and large quantities of wastes leading to pollution.

Man and the Environment  Earliest men lived as hunters. They depended on a small number of animals and wild vegetation on earth.  They were able to fit into food web, carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle of their ecosystem.  Once agricultural techniques had been improved, the earth could support a larger population.

Agriculture  The development of agriculture has been central to the advancement of human civilization. Its practice forced humans to form settled communities with divisions of labor and practices different from those of hunting and gathering.  Two serious environmental issues regarding agriculture are the greenhouse effect and pollution from fertilizers and pesticides.

Environmental impacts of agriculture Greenhouse effect:  Increasing CO2 emissions.  Biofuels  Methane from rice agriculture.

Fertilizers C:N:P ratio  Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers have increased the soil nutrient levels. The P and N released from the soil and the C released from CO2 emission contribute to the overall carbon 106:nitrogen 16: phosphorous 1 ratio. This ratio reflects amount of C, N and P needed by algae, nitrogen fixing and photosynthetic organisms to maintain productivity.

C:N:P ratio  The present C:P ratio and C:N ratio are higher than what is expected. This increase correlates directly with the use of fertilizers.  Fertilizers cause irreparable damage to the environment such as ground-water contamination.

Industry and urbanization  The first ever transformation to an industrial economy from an agrarian one was called the Industrial Revolution and this took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a few countries of Western Europe and North America, beginning in Great Britain. This was the first industrialization in the world's history.

 The Second Industrial Revolution describes a later, somewhat less dramatic change which came about in the late 19th century with the widespread availability of electric power, internal-combustion engines, and assembly lines to the already industrialized nations.

 Industrialization through innovation in manufacturing processes first started with the Industrial Revolution in the north-west and midlands of England in the eighteenth century. It spread to Europe and North America in the nineteenth century, and to the rest of the world in the twentieth.

 The mechanization of production spread to the countries surrounding England in western and northern Europe and to British settler colonies, making those areas the wealthiest and shaping what is now know as the Western world.

Effect on environment  Industrialization has spawned its own health problems. Modern stressors include:  noise, air, water pollution,  poor nutrition,  dangerous machinery,  impersonal work, isolation,  poverty, homelessness, and substance abuse.

 Health problems in industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social, political, and cultural factors as by pathogens. Industrialization has become a major medical issue world wide.

Factories and urbanization  Industrialization led to the creation of the factory. Arguably the first was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by  The factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, the world's first industrial city.

Urbanization  is the physical growth of rural or natural land into urban areas as a result of population immigration to an existing urban area.  Effects include change in density and administration services. While the exact definition and population size of urbanized areas varies among different countries, urbanization is attributed to growth of cities.

Urbanization  It is also defined by the United Nations as movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. The UN projects half the world population will live in urban areas at the end of  Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities.

Urbanization  Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization. When more and more inanimate sources of energy were used to enhance human productivity (industrialization), surpluses increased in both agriculture and industry. Larger and larger proportions of a population could live in cities. Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers.

Urbanization  A "city" refers to a place of relatively dense settlement -- dense enough so that city residents can not grow their own food. A city population, therefore, is always dependent upon its "hinterlands" to provide it with food.

The global proportion of urban population  The UN World Urbanization Prospects report showed that, the global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in The same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030.

According to the UN-HABITAT 2008 Annual Report, sometime in the middle of 2007, the majority of people worldwide will be living in towns or cities, for the first time in history; this is referred to as the arrival of the "Urban Millennium".UN-HABITAT

 In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will be living in towns and cities.

Causes  Urbanization occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to reduce time and expense in commuting and transportation while improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation.  People move into cities to seek economic opportunities. In rural areas, often on small family farms, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic needs.

Causes  Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where money, services and wealth are centralized. Businesses, which generate jobs and capital, are usually located in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the cities that foreign money flows into a country.  There are better basic services as well as other specialist services that aren't found in rural areas. There are more job opportunities and a greater variety of jobs.

Causes  Health is another major factor. People, especially the elderly are often forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater for their health needs. Other factors include a greater variety of entertainment (restaurants, movie theaters, theme parks, etc) and a better quality of education, namely universities

Environmental effects  The urban heat island has become a growing concern. This effect causes the city to become 2 to 10 o F (1 to 6 o C) warmer than surrounding landscapes. Impacts also include reducing soil moisture and intensification of carbon dioxide emissions  Pollution.  Waste.

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