1. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1 A Changing Landscape
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Earth as an Island
Earth as an Island
All organisms on Earth share a limited resource base and depend on it for their long-term survival.
To protect these resources, we need to understand how humans interact with the biosphere.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Human Activities
What types of human activities can affect the biosphere?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Human Activities
Human Activities
From the ecosystems in which they live, humans obtain such necessities as clean water and recycled nutrients.
Ecologists refer to such necessities as “ecosystem goods and services” because they have value to individuals and societies.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Human Activities
Some human activities that affect the biosphere include:
hunting and gathering
agriculture
industry
urban development
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Hunting and Gathering
Hunting and Gathering
For most of history, humans obtained food by hunting and gathering.
Today, groups of people in scattered parts of the world still follow the hunter-gatherer way of life.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

8. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the practice of farming. It includes the production of crops and the raising of livestock.
Agriculture provides human societies with a dependable supply of food that can be produced in large quantity and stored for later use.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

9. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Agriculture
From Traditional to Modern Agriculture 
In the 1800s and 1900s, advances in science and technology set the stage for a remarkable change in agriculture.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Agriculture
Large-scale irrigation turned deserts into fertile farmlands.
New machinery helped farmers increase yields.
New varieties of crops produced higher yields.
Chemical fertilizers boosted plant growth.
Pesticides controlled crop-damaging insects.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

11. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Agriculture
New crops were often grown using a practice called monoculture, in which large fields are planted with a single variety of crop year after year.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

12. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Agriculture
The Green Revolution  
The green revolution was an effort in the mid-twentieth century to increase global food production through modern plant breeding and agricultural techniques.
Over the last 50 years, the green revolution has helped world food production double.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

13. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Agriculture
Challenges for the Future
While increasing world food supplies, modern agriculture has created ecological challenges. For example:
Monoculture leads to problems with insect pests, diseases, and nutrient depletion.
Finding enough water for irrigation is difficult.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

14. Industrial Growth and Urban Development
Human society and its impact on the biosphere were transformed by the Industrial Revolution, which added machines and factories to civilization.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

15. Industrial Growth and Urban Development
The energy to power machinery comes mostly from fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas.
Industrial growth and urban development affect both the local and global environment.
Discarded industrial waste pollutes air, water, and soil.
Dense human communities also produce waste.
Suburban growth consumes farmland and stresses native plants and animals.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1
Today, the most important source of environmental change on the planet is
the green revolution.
wild plants.
humans.
abiotic factors.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1
The practice of planting a single crop in the same place year after year is called
uniculture.
monoculture.
the green revolution.
plant breeding.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1
One problem with modern agriculture is that
chemical fertilizers don’t work.
chemical pesticides can damage beneficial insects.
it has decreased world food production.
new varieties of plants require little water.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1
One impact of early hunting and gathering groups in North America might have been
changing the climate from very cold to much warmer.
the elimination of forests.
a mass extinction of large mammals about 12,000 years ago.
the development of large civilizations in Central and South America.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
6-1
Most of the energy for industry comes from
a. the sun.
nuclear power plants.
moving water.
fossil fuels.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

22. END OF SECTION