Lexis and Grammar for Translation Dott. M. Gatto Lingue e Culture per il Turismo Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I

PRESENT tense/aspect STRUCTURE Simple > INF (+s) I cry Continuous > BE + ING I am crying Perfect > HAVE + ED I have cried Perfect continuous > HAVE BEEN + ING I have been crying

PAST tense/aspect STRUCTURE Simple > +ed; irregular forms I cried /I wrote Continuous > BE + ING I was crying Perfect > HAVE + ED I had cried Perfect continuous > HAD BEEN + ING I had been crying

FUTURE tense/aspect STRUCTURE Simple > WILL + inf I will cry Continuous > WILL BE + ING I will be crying Perfect > WILL HAVE + ED I will have cried Perfect continuous > WILL HAVE BEEN + ING I will have been crying

Tense/Aspect Time SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PresentI do I am doing I have done I have been doing PastI did I was doing I had done I had been doing FutureI will do I will be doing I will have done I will have been doing

Simple Future Future actions decided at the time of speaking: Ive left the door open. Ill go and shut it. Ho lasciato la porta aperta. Vado a chiuderla

* We use WILL also to: Offer > Will you have a drink? Ill have a drink Agree > Can you give me back my book? Ill bring it tomorrow Promise > Ill call you. We use will with these words/phrases probably, I think…, I expect…

Future continuous Actions that will be in progress at a certain time in the future: Tomorrow at I will be teaching (Its and Im teaching) (Yetarday at I was teaching)

Future perfect Actions that will have already happend at a certain time in the future: …NOW…… You take your firstdegree(2012)……………(2020). You will take your first degree in By/In 2020 you will have already taken your first degree

Future perfect/perfect continuous Actions that will have been continuous at a certain time in the future: Next year it will be my 18° wedding anniversay. I will have been married for 18 years Ive been living in Bari since 1° January By 31° December I will have been living in Bari for 9 years

Attenzione We dont use will with: When, if, until, as soon as… Quando verrai a casa mia ti farò vedere il mia computer nuovo When you come to my place, Ill show you my new computer.

Attenzione We do not use WILL for actions that had been planned before the time of speaking: Tomorrow Im going to the cinema Domani vado/andrò a cinema) BUT Ive nothing to do today. Ill go to the cinema For planned actions (intentions) you can also use be going to + V: Im going to buy some new clothes

Past Perfect Continuous Repeated/continuous actions in the past: She looked out of the window. The ground was wet. It had been raining. …aveva piovuto… (trapassato prossimo) She had been walking for two hours when she met Tom …camminava… (impefetto)

Presente (Italian) Simple present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Future

Passato Prossimo (Italian) Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past

Imperfetto Simple past (+used to: +would) Past continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous (for/since)

Trapassato prossimo Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Passato remoto Simple Past

Trapassato remoto Past Perfect

Futuro semplice Simple future Present continuous Present simple

Futuro anteriore Future perfect Future perfect continuous Present perfect

Homework Laviosa, Linking Wor(l)ds, UNIT 8 Thomson-Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, UNIT 10; UNIT 17; UNIT 18 Murphy, English Gramamr in Use, UNITS 1-23