2. Direct speech Indirect speech Present simple She said, "It's cold." › Past simple She said it was cold. Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous She said she was teaching English online. Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.

3. Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years. Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday. Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier. Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived. Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

4. Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech Indirect speech will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." › would She said she would teach English online tomorrow. can She said, "I can teach English online." › could She said she could teach English online. must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." › had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online. shall She said, "What shall we learn today?" › should She asked what we should learn today. may She said, "May I open a new browser?" › might She asked if she might open a new browser. !Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

5. Time and place references often have to change:  If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. now › then today › that day here › there this › that this week › that week tomorrow › the following day the next day the day after

6. imperatives. Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives. positive imperative “Shut up!” tell + object+infinitive He told me to shut up. negative imperative “Don't do that again!” tell + object +not + infinitive He told me not to do it again. imperatives as requests “Please give me some money.” ask + object +infinitive He asked me to give him some money.

7. next week › the following week the next week the week after Yesterday › the previous day the day before last week › the previous week the week before Ago › previously before 2 weeks ago › 2 weeks previously 2 weeks before Tonight › that night last Saturday › the previous Saturday the Saturday before next Saturday › the following Saturday the next Saturday the Saturday after that Saturday

8.  In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it, you must change the place (here) to the place (there). Example: Examples:  I went to the theatre last night. He said he had gone to the theatre the night before.  I'm staying here until next week. He said he was staying there until the following week. At workAt home "How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there.

9.  In reported speech, the pronoun often changes. For example: MeYou "I teach English online." She said she teaches English online. You also need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need to be changed according to the situation. You need to know the context. For example, there is possible confusion when you try to change reported speech to direct speech: She said she'd been waiting for hours. (Is she one person or two different people?) I told them they would have to ask permission. (Are we talking about two groups of people or only one?)

10.  Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.  We use “asked” to report questions: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.  We use “told” with an object. Lynne told me she felt tired.  We usually use “said” without an object. Lynne said she was going to teach online. If “said” is used with an object we must include “to” Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

11. verb +object+ infinitive verb +infinitive verb (that) verb +gerund verb +objectverb +preposition+ gerund advise agree admit deny + preposition +gerund apologize encourage decide agree recommend accuse insist invite offer decide suggest blame remind promise deny congratulate warn refuse explain beg threaten insist forbid promise instruct recommend suggest Examples: Jack encouraged me to look for a new job. They invited all their friends to attend the presentation.  Examples: She offered to give him a lift to work. My brother refused to take no for an answer.  Examples: Tom admitted (that) he had tried to leave early. She agreed (that) we needed to reconsider our plans.  Examples: He denied having anything to do with her. Ken suggested studying early in the morning.  Examples: They accused the boys of cheating on the exam. She blamed her husband for missing the train.  Examples: He apologized for being late. She insisted on doing the washing up.

12.  In reported speech, the word “that” is often used. He told me that he lived in Greenwich.  However, “that” is optional. He told me he lived in Greenwich.  !Note – “That” is never used in questions, instead we often use “if”. He asked me if I would come to the party.

13.  Use verbs of speech for questions (asked, wondered, enquired, wanted to know, tried to find out, etc.)  Use question words (where, when, who, why, how, etc) instead of “that”  Change verb tenses, pronouns, and time expressions (just like reported statements)  Use question word + subject + verb word order (unlike a direct question) question word + subject + verb He asked when they would arrive. My friend asked if I was coming

14. YES/NO QUESTION INDIRECT FORM Are you happy today? Yes, I am My friend asked me if I was happy that day OPEN QUESTIONS What are you doing this afternoon? My friend asked me what I was doing that afternoon. Where did you go yesterday? My friend asked me where had I gone yesterday