Respiratory System Chapter 7 Pathology

Pathology COPD Asthma Bronchiectasis Emphysema Allergic disorder characterized by episodes of wheezing Bronchiectasis Emphysema The progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveroli, and the progressive destruction of their walls Smoker’s respiratory syndrome (SRS)

Pathology Upper Respiratory Diseases Diphtheria – acute infectious disease of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the presence of diphtheria bacteria. It can be prevented through immunization. Influenza – also known as the flu. Is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection, spread by respiratory droplets, that occurs most commonly during the colder months. Some strains of influenza can be prevented by annual immunization. Pertussis – also known as whooping cough. A contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by a paroxysmal cough. Can be prevented through immunization.

Pathology Epistaxis Rhinorrhea Sinusitis Upper Respiratory Infections Commonly know as a nosebleed Rhinorrhea Sinusitis Upper Respiratory Infections Allergic rhinitis Croup an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by a seal-like barking cough

Pathology Pharynx & Larynx Pharyngitis – also known as a sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx Pharyngorrhea – a discharge of mucus from the pharynx Laryngospasm – a sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx Pharyngorrhagia - bleeding from the pharynx Laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx

Pathology Lungs ARDS Pneumorrhagia Pulmonary edema Atelectasis TB collapsed lung Incomplete expansion of the lung TB

Pathology Voice disorders Aphonia – loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds Laryngoplegia? Dysphonia – any voice impairment including hoarseness, weakness, or loss of voice Laryngitis – an inflammation of the larynx. Commonly used to describe voice loss caused by the inflammation.

Pathology Trachea & Bronchi Tracheitis Bronchitis – an inflammation of the bronchial walls. Usually caused by an infection. May also be caused by irritants such as smoking Bronchorrhea – an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from the trachea Bronchorrhagia – bleeding from the bronchi

Pathology Pleural cavity Pleurisy – an inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity Pneumothorax – an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse. This may have an external cause such as a stab wound that perforates the chest wall. May also be caused internally by a perforation in the pleura surrounding the lung that allowed air to leak into the pleural space. Hemothorax

Pathology Pleural cavity Empyema – also known as pyothorax, is an accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity. This is usually the result of a primary infection of the lungs. Can also be used to describe pus in other body cavities. Hemoptysis Coughing up blood Pleuralgia Pleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding. (Effusion is the escape of fluid from blood or lymphatic vessels into the tissues or a cavity.)

Pathology Lungs Pneumonia – an inflammation of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid. This fluid is known as an exudate, which means accumulated fluid in a cavity that has penetrated through vessel walls into the adjoining tissue. Bacterial pneumonia – commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination. Viral pneumonia Lobar pneumonia Bronchopneumonia Double pneumonia Aspiration pneumonia occurs when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs Mycoplasma pneumonia Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Pathology Lungs Environmental and Occupational Lung Diseases Pneumoconiosis – abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after years of environmental or occupational contact. This causes cell death and fibrosis (hardening) of the lung tissues. Named for the causative agents. Anthracosis – also known as black lung disease, caused by coal dust in the lungs Asbestosis – caused by asbestos particles on the lungs Byssinosis – brown lung disease Silicosis - grinder’s disease

Pathology Lungs Pulmonary Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis a genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus. Antibiotics are administered to control lung infections but DO NOT cure the disease , and daily physical therapy, known as postural drainage, is performed to remove excess mucus from the lungs The digestive system is also impaired by thick gluelike mucus that interferes with digestive juices. Digestive enzymes are administered to aid the digestive system.

Pathology Breathing Disorders Eupnea – easy normal breathing Bradypnea Sleep apnea Dyspnea – shortness of breath, difficult or labored breathing Tachypnea abnormally rapid respirations Apnea – the absence of spontaneous respiration

Pathology Breathing Disorders Cheyne-Stokes – (CSR) a pattern of alternating periods of hyperpnea (rapid breathing), hypopnea (slow breathing), and apnea. Hypopnea is shallow or slow respiration Hyperpnea an abnormal increase in depth and rate of respirations Hyperventilation

Pathology Lack of O2 Airway obstruction Anoxia – absence of oxygen from inspired gases. If anoxia continues for more than four to six minutes, irreversible brain damage may occur. Asphyxia – also known as suffocation, is any interruption of breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death. May be caused by an airway obstruction, drowning, smothering, choking, or inhaling gases such as carbon monoxide. Asphyxiation also known as suffocation Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen. Hypoxia Respiratory Failure

Treatments Medications Nose & Throat Bronchoconstrictor? Bronchodilator? Nose & Throat Septoplasty Sinusotomy Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FSS) Pharyngoplasty?

Treatments Nose & Throat continued Pharyngostomy Pharyngotomy? Laryngectomy – surgical removal of the larynx Laryngoplasty Endotracheal intubation

Treatment Trachea & Bronchi Tracheoplasty Tracheorraphy Tracheotomy Tracheostomy An incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the Airway below a blockage Emergency procedure Stoma

Treatment Lungs, Pleura, & Thorax Pneumonectomy – the surgical removal of all or part of a lung Lobectomy – the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung. This term also is used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or thyroid gland Thoracotomy – a surgical incision into the wall of the chest Pleurectomy – surgical removal of part of the pleura

Treatment Lungs, Pleura, & Thorax Thoracentesis – the puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity for diagnostic purposes, to drain pleural effusions, or to reexpand a collapsed lung Thoracostomy – the surgical creation of an opening into the chest

Treatment Respiratory therapy Supplemental oxygen – may be administered through a nasal canula or rebreather mask to add more oxygen to the air taken in as the patient breathes Postural drainage

Treatment Respiratory therapy Ventilator – a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function. The goal is to wean the patient from the ventilator and to resume breathing on his own Respirator – a machine used for prolonged artificial respiration. For example, when a spinal cord injury destroys the natural breathing mechanism, the patient can continue to breathe through the use of a respirator.