1. Respiratory Diseases and Disorders
Chapter 9
Respiratory Diseases and Disorders

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Chest, lungs, and conducting airways
Two parts:
Upper respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory system consists of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

3. Anatomy and Physiology
Alveoli
Place of carbon dioxide-oxygen exchange
Inhalation and exhalation
Air movement in and out of lungs

4. Animation
Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

5. Common Signs and Symptoms
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Apnea
Wheezing
Coughing
Nasal discharge

6. Diagnostic Tests Auscultation Breathing quality and rate Tachypnea
Rapid respirations
Rales
Musical sounds heard on inhalation
Also known as crackles

7. Diagnostic Tests Auscultation Rhonchi
Rattling sounds in bronchi due to obstruction

8. Diagnostic Tests Chest x-ray Sputum culture Tissue biopsy Bronchoscopy
Arterial blood gases
Pulmonary function tests

9. Bronchoscopy

10. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Most disorders of upper respiratory system not life-threatening
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Most commonly caused by rhinovirus

11. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract
URI
Treatment:
Rest
Fluids
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Antibiotics for secondary infections

12. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Common cold
Acute rhinitis
Hay fever
Allergic rhinitis
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis

13. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Diseases usually more severe than URIs
Many can be life-threatening
Often more dangerous in older populations

14. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Asthma
Hypersensitivity reaction results in constriction of bronchi leading to difficulty breathing
Episodes of wheezing and dyspnea
Treatment:
Determine allergic factors and bronchodilators

15. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Acute bronchitis
Inflammation of lining of bronchus
Short-term following URI
Symptoms:
Fever
Tight feeling behind sternum
Productive cough

16. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Acute bronchitis
Treatment:
Rest
Increased fluids
Cough syrup
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Antibiotics for secondary infections

17. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Influenza
Highly contagious respiratory infection
Symptoms:
Onset of fever, chills, and headache
Back and muscle pain
Cough, runny nose, sore throat, and sneezing
Hoarseness
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea

18. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Influenza
Viral disease with many strains spread by coughing of respiratory secretions
Symptomatic treatment:
Rest
Analgesics
Antipyretics
Antivirals

19. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Group of pulmonary diseases primarily due to cigarette smoking
Two most common types:
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Diagnosis by history and physical, chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests, and arterial blood gases

20. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
COPD
Symptomatic treatment:
Bronchodilators
Mucolytics
Cough suppressants
Inhalers
Avoidance of contact with people with URIs

21. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Atelectasis
Collapse or airless state of all or part of lung
Causes:
Surgical pain
Fractured ribs
Blockage of airway by mucus plug

22. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Atelectasis
Treatment:
Analgesics for pain
Ambulation
Frequent deep breathing and coughing

23. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pneumonia
Inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli due to infection by bacteria, virus, or other pathogen
Pneumonitis
Inflammation without infection
Symptoms related to area and tissue involved

24. Pneumonia

25. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pneumonia
Diagnosis by history and physical, chest x-ray, and sputum culture
Treatment depends on cause

26. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary abscess
Collection of infectious material within capsule
May be complication of bacterial pneumonia, aspiration of food, or foreign body

27. Pulmonary Abscess

28. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary abscess
Symptoms:
Chills
Fever
Chest pain
Cough

29. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary abscess
Treatment:
Long-term antibiotic therapy
Surgical resection if large area or unsuccessful antibiotic therapy

30. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acquired by breathing air infected with bacteria or by coughing and sneezing
Diagnosis by skin testing, chest x-ray, and sputum culture
Extended antibiotic therapy

31. Tuberculosis

32. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Follows episode of severe trauma
Causes acute respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation
High mortality rate even with proper treatment

33. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Severe, easily transmissible new disease
Caused by previously unknown type of coronavirus
Antibiotics ineffectual
Virus
May require ventilatory support

34. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Lung cancer
Leading cause of cancer deaths in United States
Often asymptomatic until metastasizes to brain, bone, and liver
Most often caused by cigarette smoking

35. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Lung cancer
Symptoms:
Dyspnea
Coughing
Hemoptysis
Diagnosis by x-ray and tissue biopsy

36. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs
Lung cancer
Treatment:
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Surgery

37. Diseases of Pleura and Chest
May be caused by infection, trauma, or other diseases
Symptoms:
Pain
Shortness of breath

38. Diseases of Pleura and Chest
Common diseases:
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
Pneumothorax
Air in pleural cavity
Hemothorax
Blood in chest cavity

39. Diseases of Pleura and Chest
Common diseases:
Pleural effusion (hydrothorax)
Fluid in chest
Empyema
Pus in chest cavity

40. Pneumothorax

41. Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Sudden blockage of artery by embolism
Pulmonary edema
Tissues and air spaces of lungs fill with fluid
Cor pulmonale
Right-sided heart failure

42. Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Suffocation
Not breathing to the point that individual loses consciousness and eventually dies
Causes:
Aspiration
Strangulation
Drowning

43. Rare Diseases Pneumoconiosis
Environmentally induced diseases causing progressive, chronic inflammation and infection

44. Rare Diseases Pneumoconiosis Causes: Asbestosis Anthracosis Silicosis
Coal miner’s disease
Black lung
Silicosis

45. Rare Diseases Fungal diseases Caused by inhaling airborne fungus
Two forms:
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Desert fever
Valley fever

46. Rare Diseases Legionnaires’ disease Bacterial pulmonary infection
Not limited to pulmonary system
May cause liver damage and renal dysfunction

47. Effects of Aging Decreased elasticity in respiratory system
Becomes less efficient and has less reserve
Weakened respiratory muscles
Reduced resistance to infection

48. Animation
Click Here to Play Flail Chest Animation