1. Chapter 17
Respiratory System

2. Respiratory System Functions
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Production of sound

3. Respiration External respiration Internal respiration
Breathing or ventilation
Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide between the lungs and the environment
Inspiration/expiration
Internal respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
Cellular respiration or oxidation

4. Figure 17-1 Respiration

5. Respiratory Organs and Structures (1 of 2)
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi

6. Respiratory Organs and Structures (2 of 2)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pleura
Diaphragm
Mediastinum

7. Figure 17-2 The organs of the respiratory system
Figure 17-2 The organs of the respiratory system. Pathway of external respiration: air enters through the nasal cavity → pharynx →larynx → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveoli

8. The Nasal Cavity Anterior nares or nostrils Nasal septum
Turbinates or nasal conchae bones
Cilia
Olfactory nerve
Sinuses

9. The Pharynx Also called the throat Common passageway for food and air
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis

10. The Larynx Also called the voice box Nine fibrocartilaginous plates
Mucous membrane
Glottis

11. The Trachea Also called the windpipe Hyaline cartilage
Mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium
Damage caused by smoking

12. Figure 17-4 Sagittal section of the face and neck

13. The Bronchi and the Bronchioles
Right and left bronchus
Ciliated epithelium
Hyaline cartilage
Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles
Alveolar sacs (alveoli)

14. The Alveoli Sacs of single-layer epithelial tissue
Surrounded by bed of capillaries
Surfactant
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

15. Figure 17-6 Larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree

16. The Lungs Separated by the mediastinum and the heart
The apex is the top of each lung, the broad lower part is the base
Base rests over the diaphragm
Right lung has three lobes, left lung has two lobes (due to the position of the heart)

17. Figure 17-7 External view of the lungs
Figure 17-7 External view of the lungs. The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes.

18. The Pleura
A thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough endothelial cells that covers the lungs
Each lung encased in double-walled sac
Pleurisy
Pleural fluid
Thoracentesis
Pneumothorax

19. Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscle between the abdomen and the thorax
Contraction and relaxation along with the intercostal muscles makes breathing possible
Phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract

20. The Mediastinum Also called the interpleural space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera

21. Mechanics of Breathing
The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide
Pulmonary ventilation is called breathing
Due to changes in pressure that occur within the chest cavity
Variation in pressure caused by cellular respiration and mechanical breathing movements

22. Effects of Aging Lung tissue loses elasticity
Rib cage becomes less flexible
Muscle strength decreases
Functioning alveoli decrease

23. The Breathing Process Inhalation/inspiration Exhalation/expiration
Respiratory movements and frequency of respiration
Normal rate is 14–20 breaths per minute
Coughing, hiccoughs, sneezing and yawing can alter this rate

24. Control of Breathing
Neural factors
Chemical factors

25. Lung Capacity and Volume (1 of 2)
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Vital lung capacity

26. Lung Capacity and Volume (2 of 2)
Residual volume
Functional residual capacity
Total lung capacity

27. Types of Respiration (1 of 2)
Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea

28. Types of Respiration (2 of 2)
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Hyperventilation

29. Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes (1 of 3)
Common cold
Pharyngitis
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Bronchitis and chronic bronchitis

30. Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes (2 of 3)
Influenza (flu)
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis (TB)
Diphtheria
Pertussis (whooping cough)

31. Disorders of the Respiratory System Infectious Causes (3 of 3)
Anthrax
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

32. Disorders of the Respiratory System Noninfectious Causes (1 of 2)
Rhinitis
Asthma
Athelectasis
Asbestosis
Silicosis
Nasal polyps

33. Disorders of the Respiratory System Noninfectious Causes (2 of 2)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Cancer of the lung
Cancer of the larynx
Pulmonary embolism
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)