USES OF PARTICIPLES Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 5c

Use of Participles  Translation of participles is determined by their use 1. Adjectives 2. Nouns (Substantive Adjectives) 3. Dependent Clauses 4. Active and Passive Periphrastic 5. Ablative Absolute

Use of Participles 1. Participles as Adjectives:  Remember, participles are part adjectives  They can describe nouns and pronouns  Must agree in case, number, and gender Miles vulneratus mortuus est. Miles vulneratus mortuus est. … puer ō in vi ā ambulanti … puer ō in vi ā ambulanti

Use of Participles 2. Participles as Nouns  Just like regular adjectives, participles may be used substantively – like nouns  Bonus – a good man  Vulneratus – a wounded man  The ending is masculine and singular – a man…

Use of Participles 3. Dependent Clauses  Participles can be used as part of a dependent clause introduced by the words who, which, while, when, after, since, because, although, if, etc.  Agricola servum in agr ī s laborantem vocavit. The farmer called the slave who was working in the fields. The farmer called the slave who was working in the fields.

Use of Participles  Translations for dependent clauses vary depending on context  The tense of the participle is relative to the main verb:  Present participle occurs at the same time as main verb  Perfect participle occurs before the main verb  Future participle occurs after the main verb

Use of Participles 4. Active Periphrastic  Indicates an intention  Form = Future Active Participle + form of sum  Puer librum lecturus est. The boy is going to read the book. The boy is going to read the book. The boy plans to read the book. The boy plans to read the book.

Use of Participles 5. Passive Periphrastic  Indicates a necessity  Form = Future Passive Participle + form of sum  Accompanied by a Dative of Agent  Liber puer ō legendus est. It is necessary for the boy to read the book. It is necessary for the boy to read the book. The book must be read by the boy. The book must be read by the boy.

Use of Participles 6. Ablative Absolute  Explains the circumstances under which an action occurs  Form: Substantive, in the ablative, modified by a participle.  Translation: “with being ” “with having been ” “with about to be ” “with about to be ”

Use of Participles Examples:  Cen ā parat ā cibum edimus.  With the dinner having been prepared, we ate the food.  Hostibus vict ī s Romani urbem occupaverunt.  With the enemies having been conquered, the Romans seized the city.

Use of Participles  If an active participle is used, it may have a direct object (using case required by verbal).  Caesare Galliam vincente res publica magna erit.  With Caesar conquering Gaul, the Republic will be great.  Discipul ī s magistr ō credentibus laborem confecerunt.  Credo, credere, credidi, creditus – a, um to believe (w/ dat.)  With the students believing their teacher, they completed their work.

Use of Participles  sum, esse, fui, futurus has no present active participle.  sum’s participle may be omitted.  May consist of two nouns or a noun and an adjective (participle is a verbal adj).  Caesare duce, hostem vincemus.  With Caesar as our leader, we will conquer the enemy.

Use of Participles  Ablative Absolute is not used if the participle is playing another grammatical role in the sentence (i.e. modifying the subject or direct object).  Hostes nos persequentes fugere non possum.  I am not able to flee from the enemy pursuing us.  Auxilium nobis allatum nos servabit.  The aid brought to us will save us.