Characteristics of Living Things 004a

The Characteristics of Living Things Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation) Great Complexity & Organization Composed of Cells Reproduction & Development Mechanism for Inheritance Metabolism & Homeostasis Interaction with the Environment Evolution (Adaptation)

–Living things are made of the same materials as everything else in the universe are assembled into molecules Living things are more organized, more complex –Living things require energy to carry out life processes Great Complexity and Organization

Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere

Atoms proton neutron electron hydrogen atom helium atom carbon atom 1p, 0n, 1e-2p, 2n, 2e- 6p, 6n, 6e-

Some Elements

Water (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Molecular Oxygen (O 2 ) Ammonium (NH 3 ) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Water (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Molecular Oxygen (O 2 ) Ammonium (NH 3 ) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Simple Inorganic Molecules

Categories: Lipids ProteinsNucleic Acids Carbohydrates Biological Compounds

Simple Sugars (e.g., glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Amino Acids (e.g., glycine: C 2 H 5 O 2 N) Nucleotide Bases (e.g., adenine: C 5 H 5 N 4 ) Simple Sugars (e.g., glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Amino Acids (e.g., glycine: C 2 H 5 O 2 N) Nucleotide Bases (e.g., adenine: C 5 H 5 N 4 ) Organic Building Block Molecules

Cell Organelles

Cell

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

The Biosphere

carbon atom organ system DNA molecule organellecell tissue organ organismpopulation community ecosystem biosphere

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Classification: Six kingdom system : Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria E. coliCyanobacteria ParameciumDiatomSlime mold

Asexual Reproduction Coral polyp budding

Sexual Reproduction

Both Sexual & Asexual

Development

DNA Contains information for almost all cell activities

The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. Anabolism- build up of complex molecules Catabolism- break down of complex molecules Metabolism

Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + energy

Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

Autotrophs –Organisms that get their energy by making their own food (like plants) –Plants capture energy from the sun, use water and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches Heterotrophs –Organisms that take in food to meet their energy needs –Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs

Homeostasis 1.Maintenance of constant internal conditions in varying environments 2.Adaptation of organisms to specific environments

Homeostasis Three big problems 1.Obtaining energy and nutrients 2.Maintaining temperature 3.Obtaining and holding onto water

Body Temperature Regulation

Temperature Control Ectotherms (Poikilotherms)Ectotherms (Poikilotherms) –Generate body heat metabolically, but cannot maintain constant internal body temperature –Body temperature mimics the surrounding environment

Most ectotherms regulate their body temperature by –basking –moving between shade/sun –being active at certain times of day Ectotherms

Temperature Control Endotherms (homeothermic)Endotherms (homeothermic) –Generate body heat metabolically and body temperature does not match the temperature of the surrounding environment –These organisms retain metabolic heat and can control metabolism to maintain a constant internal temperature

–Living things interact with each other and with the environment –Ecology – the study of these interactions Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish Humans eat fish What if something happened to the fish? Interaction with the environment

Interaction with the Environment

Evolution Change in the genetic composition of a population through time

–Inherited change in the characteristics of organisms over time –Living things are slowly changing –Process of natural selection results in change over time –Organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable genes Evolution

Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change Production of heritable variations Natural Selection Chance Production of heritable variations Natural Selection Chance

–Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring –Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes Heredity

Heritable variations Blood type Dwarfism Albinism

Adaptations The structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute to the success of a species.

Natural Selection Peppered Moths: study in England 1800’s More light than dark moths Industrial pollution turned trees dark Population shifted to mostly dark moths

Natural Selection

Inquiry 1. Define: Homeostasis, photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, heterotroph 2. What is a group of different organisms living in the same geographic are called? 3. What 3 features do plant cells have that animal cells don’t? 4. Which 4 elements make up living things? 5. What is the equation for photosynthesis?