1. Study of Biology

2. What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things
Living things are called organisms
Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals

3. All Living Things Share Common Characteristics
Basic Unit is the Cell
They Reproduce
All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA)
Grow & Develop

4. Common Characteristics
Obtain & Use Materials & Energy
Respond To Their Environment
Maintain A Stable Internal Environment
AS A GROUP, Living Things Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time

5. Characteristics of Organisms

6. All Organisms are made of Cells

7. Facts About Cells Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism
All cells contain living material called cytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell

8. More Cell Facts Cells are complex & highly organized
Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs
e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars

9. More Cell Facts The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes
These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are examples

10. More Cell Facts More complex cells are called Eukaryotes
These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Plants, animals, & fungi are examples

11. Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of One Cell
Multicellular Organisms
Living Organism Made Up Of Many, Specialized Cells

12. Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic Traits

13. Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Involves 2 parents
Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE
Offspring DIFFERENT from parents

14. Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Involves a single organism or cell
Cell divides
Offspring IDENTICAL to parent

15. Cells Have a Genetic Code

16. Genetic Code
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms
All organisms contain DNA
DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work

17. Organisms Grow & Develop

18. Growth & Development
Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT
Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism

19. Cells Require Food & Energy

20. Food Requirements Autotrophs can make their own food
Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy

21. Food Requirements Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food
They must consume other organisms
Herbivores eat plants
Carnivores eat meat
Omnivores eat plants & animals

22. Metabolism Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
All require energy
Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth

23. Metabolism Cellular Respiration
Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods
6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O

24. Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Organisms Respond to Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc. In Order To Survive & Reproduce

25. Homeostasis
Keeping The Internal Environment Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life
Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.

26. Living Things Evolve
Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments.
Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms

27. Life is Organized on Several Levels

28. Levels Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells – life starts here Tissues
Organs
System
Organism

29. Levels
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere