Subsaharan Africa Map Test 2: March 1Map Test 2: March 1 –Middle America –South America ReviewReview Finish Urban BrazilFinish Urban Brazil Subsaharan AfricaSubsaharan Africa –Major qualities, physiography & climate –Development: indigenous & colonial –Medical geography & disease

Midterm Grade Distribution Average = 64.8% C

 Forward capital   What is the contested territory?  Plano piloto – modernist utopia BRASILIA President Juscelino Kubitscheck Bridge

Growth Pole Theory Promote growth in the hinterland Concentrated investment Urban “pole de croissance” Industrial focus  Create jobs in depressed areas  Reduce uneven concentrations of wealth  Decentralize industry “Ripples” of development –Spread effects –Backwash

São Paulo  Inland  Industrial centre  Business capital  25 million

 Fazendas  Immigration  Skilled labor  Relative location  Minas Gerais  Power  Santos São Paulo’s success story

Southern Cone Itaipu Dam

An area of spatial change where peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join Marked by a gradual shift (rather than a sharp break) in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring realms TRANSITION ZONES

Introduction to Africa Plateaus & basins, arid steppe, savannah & rain forest, great lakes, generally low fertility soils Dozens of countries and hundreds of ethnic groups, linguistically and culturally fragmented Subsistence cultivation & mineral extraction Political boundaries, a colonial ‘legacy’ Dislocated peoples and refugees Underdevelopment, poverty, corruption, unstable governments, environmental & health problems

AFRICA’S PHYSIOGRAPHY

PLATE BOUNDARIES

CLIMATE

VEGETATION

EARLY KINGDOMS

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

COLONIALISM European colonial objectives –A port along the West African coast –A water route to Asia –1500’s- human resources: slaves – Limited penetration –1850- European industrialization Increased demand for mineral resources Need to expand agricultural production

BERLIN CONFERENCE States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures Superimposed boundaries -- Unified regions were ripped apart -- Hostile societies combined -- Migration routes were closed off. By 1950: political fragmentation.

COLONIAL POLICIES Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe) –Indigenous power structures left intact –Local rulers made representatives of the crown. France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.) –Enforced a direct rule: Promotion of French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)

Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea- Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) –First to enslave and colonize –Last to grant independence –Rigid control: raw resource oriented Belgium: “Paternalism” (Rwanda, Congo (Zaire), Burundi) –Exploitation of resources –Ruthless treatment of indigenous African labourers COLONIAL POLICIES

Colonial Legacy Hundreds of languages Intertribal antagonism (e.g., Rwanda) Low level of development is linked to colonization –Transportation facilities Interior to coastal ports Terrain is difficult