1. Early History of Sub-Saharan Africa
Ch 20-24
Lesson 2

2. Basic Run-down Nomadic Groups (Berber, Bushmen)
Southern Nile River civilization
Trans-Saharan Trade (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
East African Trade (Swahili)
Exploration of Africa
Slave Trade Expands
European Colonialism
Independence
Present-Day: Problems & Successes

3. Ghana - cultural hearth
Ghana - cultural hearth
Large, effectively organized states existed in Africa for centuries before European contact
The Great Bantu migration
Occurred in waves starting about 5000 years ago
Africa was a realm of rich and varied cultures, diverse lifestyles, technological progress, and external trade before European colonization.

4. Ghana: The Kingdom of Gold
1st great W. Afn trading empires
Practiced trad. Afn religions, but very tolerant of Muslim traders
CAMEL CARAVANS!

5. Power came from ability to use iron weapons to control gold and salt trade (Ghana=gold, Sahara=salt)
Taxed all trade
Collected harvest portions
Weakened w/ Berber attacks  enter Islam

6. The Kingdom of Mali Rose to power after Ghana (about twice the size)
Most powerful under rule of Mansa Musa
Encouraged Islam (officials had to read/write in Arabic)
Made the hajj

7. Songhai Empire Replaced Mali gradually Islam became official religion
Built university in Timbuktu (keeping center)

8. Bantu Migrations Absorbed other ppl into their society
60 to 150 million ppl speak a Bantu lang.
Iron tools allowed more efficient work
Est. colony-like states
CULTURAL DIFFUSION 

10. Swahili Trading States
Swahili is a Bantu lang.
Traded gold, slaves, ivory, leopard skins, etc. with Persia, India, China, & Arabs
City development
Another Bantu grp. (Shona)

11. http://exploringafrica. matrix. msu

12. http://exploringafrica. matrix. msu

13. The Slave Trade

14. Triangular Trade

15. The Atlantic Slave Trade
European involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa began in the 15th century
Portuguese ships groped their way around the coast looking for a quick way to the Orient.
Vasco de Gama
Soon Europeans were buying ivory, spices -- and slaves to work in their New World plantations.

16. Berlin Conference- 1884
How did the Industrial Rev. impact colonialism in Africa?
Need cheap labor, raw materials, new markets, and competition b/w countries
Why was the Berlin Conf. called?
Settle territorial disputes, controlling slave trade, humanitarian work promotion
Really just to divvy up continent
What was the doctrine of “effective occupation”?
To own coastal land, had to prove you were capable of protecting freedom of trade & transit (wealthy and powerful enough to handle it)

17. Berlin Conference Summary–
-14 powers divided up Africa without consideration of cultures
-Result of boundaries:
1. African peoples divided
2. Hostile societies thrown together
3. Migration routes cut off

21. African Independence
Really took off after WWII – weakening of Europeans
Used Africans for military
Larger grp. of educated Afns

23. Colonial Legacy- Set Up for Failure
Weakened African traditions – imposed own culture (“civilizing”)
Antagonism between tribes
Low level of development
*most rely on a single crop or mineral – plantations, mines, etc.; profits to Europe
Authoritarian governments
*Europeans did not allow opportunities for Africans to participate in government, never knew democratic rule

24. Each countries  highest-value export

27. Freedom House Interactive Map