2. Political Geography. Definitions and Examples

3. The Four Major Issues 1. Where are states located? 2. Where are boundaries drawn between states? 3. Why do boundaries between states cause problems? 4. Why do states cooperate with each other?

4. Were are states located? Were are states located? The Two Main Points are: Problems of defining states Problems of defining states Development of the state concept. Development of the state concept.

5. A political territory equivalent to a “country.” Necessary components to qualify as a full-fledged state include (a)defined boundaries, (b)an effective government, (c) international recognition of their formal independence, (d) full sovereignty, (e) an organized economy and circulation system, and (f) a permanent resident population. State:

6. Problems in Defining states There is some disagreement about the actual number of sovereign states. There is some disagreement about the actual number of sovereign states. Koreas and Koreas and China-Taiwan China-Taiwan

7. Development of the State Concept. City States

8. Colonies and Colonialism European states came to control much of the world through colonialism. European states came to control much of the world through colonialism. The colonial area began in the 1400’s The colonial area began in the 1400’s The three motives for colonies were God, Gold, and Glory. The three motives for colonies were God, Gold, and Glory. Most former colonies have become independent states only a couple of colonies are left. Most former colonies have become independent states only a couple of colonies are left.

9. A Case Study in Colonialism

10. AFRICA THE DARK CONTINENT

11. AFRICA’S PHYSIOGRAPHY

13. PLATE BOUNDARIES

15. DJOUF CHAD SUDAN CONGO KALAHARI ESCARPMENT BASINSBASINS

16. NIGER SHAVI NILE ZAMBEZI RIVERSRIVERS

17. CLIMATE

18. VEGETATION

19. EARLY KINGDOMS

20. THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

21. COLONIALISM EUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVES EUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVES –A port along the West African coast –A water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia –1500’s- looking for resources; Slaves –1850- industrial revolution occurs in Europe Increased demand for mineral resources Increased demand for mineral resources Need to expand agricultural production Need to expand agricultural production

22. 14 States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures. Results of superimposed boundaries -- African peoples were divided. -- Unified regions were ripped apart. -- Hostile societies were thrown together. -- Hinterlands were disrupted. -- Migration routes were closed off. So, when independence returned to Africa after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation. BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884

23. French Britain Portugal Belgium Italy Spain Germany COLONIALISM

24. Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) –First to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independence –Maintained rigid control; raw resource oriented Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi) Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi) –Treated Africans as though they where children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them Belgium –Raw resource oriented; ignored the development of natives COLONIAL POLICIES

25. Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe) Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe) –Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown. France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.) France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.) –Enforced a direct rule which propagated the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)

26. INDEPENDENT STATES IN AFRICA 1950 1960 1970 INDEPENDENT

27. THE LEGACY Several hundred languages are spoken. Several hundred languages are spoken. Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda) Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda) Low level of development is linked to colonization Low level of development is linked to colonization –Transportation facilities - Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets. –Communication within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions. –Dual economy remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets.

28. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA’S ECONOMIC CHALLENGE Economic growth rate- 1.5% - world’s lowest Economic growth rate- 1.5% - world’s lowest The region’s 646 million people have a combined GNP of less than $150 billion, roughly the same as Belgium and its 10 million people. The region’s 646 million people have a combined GNP of less than $150 billion, roughly the same as Belgium and its 10 million people. Population - growing at a rate of 2.6% annually, vs 1.7% for South America and 1.9% for South Asia Population - growing at a rate of 2.6% annually, vs 1.7% for South America and 1.9% for South Asia

29. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY Studies spatial aspects of disease and health Studies spatial aspects of disease and health Africa is an extraordinary laboratory. Africa is an extraordinary laboratory. -- Disease incidence and diffusion -- Widespread nutritional deficiencies -- Widespread nutritional deficiencies Millions suffer from: Millions suffer from: – malaria- river blindness – yellow fever- sleeping sickness – AIDS- bilharzia

30. Endemic Endemic -- Exists in equilibrium with the population -- Many develop an immunity of sorts -- Saps energy, lowers resistance, shortens lives Epidemic Epidemic -- Sudden outbreak at local, regional scale Pandemic Pandemic -- Worldwide spread MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

31. MALARIA WIDESPREAD INCIDENCE

32. SLEEPING SICKNESS Tsetse Fly WIDESPREAD INCIDENCE

33. AIDS IN AFRICA 1990 Cases Per million <9 10-50 50-299 300-499 500+

34. AIDS IN AFRICA 1999 SOURCE: UNAIDS, 2000

36. Where are Boundaries drawn Between States The shape of a state controls the length of its boundaries with other states. The shape of a state controls the length of its boundaries with other states. The five basic shapes are Compact, Prorupted, Elongated, fragmented, and perforated The five basic shapes are Compact, Prorupted, Elongated, fragmented, and perforated

37. Why do boundaries between states cause problems? One state with many nationalities, e.g., Russia. One state with many nationalities, e.g., Russia. One nationality on more than one state, e.g., the Kurds. One nationality on more than one state, e.g., the Kurds. Internal organization of states Internal organization of states

40. Figure 13.6

41. Figure 13.7

42. Figure 13.8

44. Figure 13.9

45. Figure 13.10

46. Figure 13.11

47. Figure 13.12

48. Figure 13.13

49. Figure 13.15

50. Figure 13.17

51. Figure 13.18

52. Figure 13.23

53. Why do States cooperate with Each Other? Political and military cooperation An example is when European states joined one of two military alliances, NATO or the Warsaw Pact. An example is when European states joined one of two military alliances, NATO or the Warsaw Pact. Economic Cooperation An example is the European Union.

54. Definitions of Key Terms Colony:An area conquered and administered by a foreign power. Colony:An area conquered and administered by a foreign power. Diaspora:Scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad. Diaspora:Scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad. Ethnonationalism:A strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is a minority within a state, has its own distinctive homeland within the state = s territory, and has deeply rooted feelings that it is different from the rest of the state = s population. Ethnonationalism:A strong feeling of belonging to a nation that is a minority within a state, has its own distinctive homeland within the state = s territory, and has deeply rooted feelings that it is different from the rest of the state = s population. Homeland:Perceived ancestral territory of a nation. Homeland:Perceived ancestral territory of a nation. Irredentism:A movement to reunite a nation = s homeland when part of it is contained within another state. The piece of homeland that is ruled by the other state is known as an “irredenta.” Irredentism:A movement to reunite a nation = s homeland when part of it is contained within another state. The piece of homeland that is ruled by the other state is known as an “irredenta.”

55. Nation:The largest human grouping characterized by a common origin or ancestry. A territorially based community of people who usually have similar language or religion, a common history (real or imagined), and accepted social ways of behavior that give it a common culture. Nation:The largest human grouping characterized by a common origin or ancestry. A territorially based community of people who usually have similar language or religion, a common history (real or imagined), and accepted social ways of behavior that give it a common culture. Nation-State: A state that has the same boundaries as a nation. Nation-State: A state that has the same boundaries as a nation. Nationalism: Loyalty to the nation to which you belong. Often misused today to refer to patriotism. Nationalism: Loyalty to the nation to which you belong. Often misused today to refer to patriotism. Patriotism:Loyalty to the governing state in which you live. Patriotism:Loyalty to the governing state in which you live. Province:First-level administrative subregion of a state. Province:First-level administrative subregion of a state. Regional Autonomy:Limited self-rule for a region within the larger state. Regional Autonomy:Limited self-rule for a region within the larger state.

56. Refugee:A person who is outside of their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution, and who is unable or unwilling to return. Refugee:A person who is outside of their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution, and who is unable or unwilling to return. Secession:Complete break-off of a region into an autonomous, independent state. This occurs when a separatist movement achieves its goals. Secession:Complete break-off of a region into an autonomous, independent state. This occurs when a separatist movement achieves its goals. Separatism:The desire to break a region away from its state and form a new independent state. Separatism:The desire to break a region away from its state and form a new independent state. Shatterbelt:A region caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined. Shatterbelt:A region caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined. State: A political territory equivalent to a “country.” Necessary components to qualify as a full- fledged state include (a) defined boundaries, (b) an effective government, (c) international recognition of their formal independence, (d) full sovereignty, (e) an organized economy and circulation system, and (f) a permanent resident population. State: A political territory equivalent to a “country.” Necessary components to qualify as a full- fledged state include (a) defined boundaries, (b) an effective government, (c) international recognition of their formal independence, (d) full sovereignty, (e) an organized economy and circulation system, and (f) a permanent resident population.

58. Bibliography Rubenstein, James. An Introduction to Human Geography. Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002