The Age of Enlightenment SSWH13 b

SSWH13b SSWH13: The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society.

What is Enlightenment? Enlighten: to illuminate; to furnish knowledge to; to instruct Enlightenment: After the Scientific Revolution and the new ways of thinking, scholars and philosophers began to question old ideas about nonscientific ideas and theories: government, religion, economics, and education. New intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Also known as the Age of Reason

Five Concepts of Enlightenment Philosophers Reason: truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking Nature: what was natural was also good and reasonable Happiness: rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth Progress: stressed that society and humankind could improve Liberty: called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

Government Philosophers John Locke English Philosopher 1632-1704 Limited Democracy (Constitutional Monarchy) Two Treatises of Government Natural Rights Philosophy What Does John Locke Say? (The Fox Parody) - @mrbettsclass - Duration: 3:01. by MrBettsClass 56,145 views

To summarize: His work contributed greatly to expanding Enlightenment thought Published Two Treatises of Government, 1690 Natural Rights Philosophy All men are born equal Government derives (receives) its right to govern from the people Life, Liberty, Property – unalienable rights Greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) 1694-1778 French Philosopher Sent to Bastille in France Exiled to England Voltaire - Duration: 4:27. by AngelMelodyPhoto 7,301 views

Probably the most brilliant and influential of the philosophes Published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy and drama Wrote satires about clergy, aristocracy, government Sent to prison (Bastille) in France Exiled to England—made enemies there also Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech In summary… “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 1762: published The Social Contract Inspired leaders of the French Revolution 3 Minute Philosophy: Jean Jacques Rousseau - Duration: 2:46. by Alvin Lee 17,725 views

In Summary…. Born in Switzerland, later lived in France Won recognition as a writer of essays Strange, brilliant, and controversial “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Only good government –freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society (direct democracy) Agreed with Locke: legitimate government – consent of the governed Everyone equal, no titles of nobility Influenced French Revolutionary leaders In Summary….

The Social Contract by Jean Jacques Rousseau “I…therefore give the name “Republic” to every state that is governed by laws, no matter what the form of its administration may be; for only in such a case does the public interest govern, and the res republica rank as a reality…Laws are, properly speaking, only the conditions of civil association. The people, being subject to the laws, ought to be their author; the conditions of the society ought to be regulated…by those who come together to form it.”

Review 1. Define Enlightenment Following the Scientific Revolution: New intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems 2. Both Rousseau and Locke believed in democracy; but, they believed in different forms. Locke believed in limited (constitutional monarchy) democracy and Rousseau believed in ____________ democracy. 3. Both Rousseau and Locke believed in the Natural Rights Philosophy: all men are created equal. However, Rousseau believed that titles of nobility should or should not be eliminated? 4. He was exiled from France and sent to live in England. direct Should be eliminated Voltaire

Two Treatises of Government Natural Rights Philosophy Sent to the Bastille in France “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson’s writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 Greatly influenced the leaders of the French Revolution Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech Locke Locke Voltaire Rousseau Locke, Rousseau Voltaire Voltaire

Life, Liberty, Property – unalienable rights Agreed with Locke: legitimate government – consent of the governed Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech 1762: published The Social Contract Life, Liberty, Property – unalienable rights Cannot be separated from Rousseau Voltaire Rousseau Locke unalienable