Hematology= hemat-blood ology-study of Average adult has pints (4- 5 quarts) of blood in their body.

Blood One drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs 250, ,000 platelets 7,500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Make new blood cells 2 million per second!

Functions  Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones.  Aids in distribution of heat.  Regulates acid-base balance.  Helps protect against infection.

Composition  Plasma – liquid portion of blood without cellular components.

Serum  Plasma after a blood clot is formed.

Composition  Cellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets

Plasma Straw colored and contains:  Water  Blood proteins  Nutrients  Electrolytes  Hormones, vitamins, enzymes  Metabolic waste products

Plasma FibrinogenAlbuminProthrombin Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver. From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume. A globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis

Erythrocytes  Shape = biconcave discs  Hemoglobin- gives red color,  heme is iron  globin is protein,  Function – transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells  Normal – men gm  Women – gm

Function of hemoglobin  Red cells travel through the lungs where O 2 +hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin O 2 is carried to tissues and released CO 2 picked up and carried back to the lungs for exchange.

 Arterial blood – lots of oxyhemoglobin = bright red  Venous blood – lots of CO 2 = dark crimson.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning  CO is a colorless odorless tasteless gas that is commonly produced by fire, automobiles exhaust, and space heaters.  CO interferes with the delivery of O 2 in the blood.  O 2 is crowded out of the hemoglobin, eventually depriving cells of their oxygen supply and can be fatal.

Erythrocytes Erythropoiesis Manufacture of red blood cells. Occurs in bone marrow. Red cells live 120 days. Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver. Hemolysis Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

Erythropoiesis Hemolysis

White Blood Cells Leukocytes  Larger than erythrocytes  Granular or agranular  5 types  Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800  Diapedesis- when WBC have the ability to squeeze through the intercellular spaces of capillary walls to fight infection in neighboring tissues.

Types of White Cells… NeutrophilsEosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Granuloccyte formed in the bone marrow Phagocytize bacteria Granulocyte Formed in the bone marrow Increase in numbers in allergic conditions, malaria and in worm infestation. Produce heparin an anti-coagulant Granulocyte Count increases during chronic inflammation and during healing from infection. Agranulocyte absence of cytoplasmic granules formed in lymph glands, nodes and bone marrow. B- lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte Protect against cancer cells.

White Blood Cells cont. Lymphocytes Monocytes Agranulocyte absence of cytoplasmic granules formed in lymph glands, nodes and bone marrow. B- lymphocytes and T- lymphocyte Protect against cancer cells. Assist in phagocytosis leave blood vessels and attach themselves to tissues, during infection they help to wall off and isolate the infected area Agranulocyte

Leukocytes

Phagocytosis – process when white cells surround engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.

Inflammation Pathogenic disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation. Why? Bacterial toxins, increase blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues – edema. Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain Histamine increases the blood flow to the injured area. Pus produced a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma      Start 

Inflammation

Inflammation Cont. Abscess Pus-filled cavity below the epidermis. Pyrexia Increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus in response to pathogenic invasion Leukocytosis Increase in the number of white cells in response to infection Leukopenia Decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

Thrombocytes  Smallest of solid components of blood  Synthesized in red marrow  Not cells; fragments of megakaryocytes  Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

Thrombocytes

Coagulation Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release Thromboplastin  act on Prothrombin in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to Thrombin  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes Fibrinogen  Fibrin creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.

Coagulation Cont.  Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting  Heparin= anti-prothrombin  Prothrombin= dependent on Vitamin K

Test your gray matter… Leukocytes have the ability to squeeze through the intercellular spaces of capillary walls to fight infection in neighboring tissues. This process is called? What condition exists when O 2 is crowded out of the hemoglobin,eventually depriving cells of their O 2 supply, that is sometimes fatal? When there is inflammation in the body, chemical substances travel to the hypothalamus, causing the body temperature to increase. What is the medical term for this condition? The liquid portion of the blood without cellular components is called: Which of the following is not a plasma protein? Hemoglobin, fibrinogen, albumin or globulin What are two important electrolytes found in blood plasma? Diapedesis Carbon Monoxide poisoning Plasma Hemoglobin NACL and K + Pyrexia

What type of blood is bioconcave and shaped somewhat like a donut? Hemoglobin is composed of:What type of blood cell can be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid in shape? Which of the following is an example of a leukocyte? Platelet, Prothrombin, Neutrophil, Antibody The main function of leukocytes is to: The main function of erythrocytes is to: The medical term for platelet is: The average adult usually carries how many quarts of blood? Erythrocytes contain all of the following elements EXCEPT: The RH factor, Phagocytosis, Hemoglobin, Oxyhemoglobin Erythrocyte Protein and iron Leukocyte Thrombocyte 5-6 Phagocytosis Fight infection Carry oxygen

Fibrinogen and prothrombin are blood proteins that are necessary for: WBC destroy bacteria by surrounding, engulfing, and digesting the bacteria. What is the process called? Why is arterial blood bright red? Which of the following statements about prothrombin is NOT true? It is a part of the clotting process It is dependent on Vit. K, It is manufactured in the liver, It is the smallest of the blood cells Blood Clotting Phagocytosis Because they carry oxyhemoglobin It is the smallest of the blood cells