1. Hematology
Allied Health I

2. Hematology * The study of blood.
The average adult contains about 8 to 10 pints of blood.
What does blood do, what is blood made of?

3. Functions of BLOOD 4 main functions:
1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products, and hormones.
2. Helps distribute heat.
3. Regulates acid-base balance.
4. Helps protect against infection.

4. What is blood made of? 1. Plasma 2. Serum
3. Cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

5. Plasma Liquid part of blood. It is straw (yellow) colored.
Plasma contains:
Water
Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Hormones
Vitamins
Waste products

6. Plasma Proteins
Fibrinogen – necessary for blood clotting. Fibrinogen is made in the liver.
Albumin – helps blood maintain osmotic pressure and volume. Also comes from the liver.
Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate (clot). Vitamin K is necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

7. Serum Plasma after a blood clot has formed.
Similar to plasma but without the clotting agents, because they (clotting agents) are now present in the clot and not in the plasma.

8. Cellular Components Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells.
Shape = biconcave disc.
Function = transport oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from tissues.
Blood Cells

9. Erythrocytes Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter (cells/mcL)
Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL

10. Erythrocytes Hemoglobin – gives red color to red blood cell.
Newborns: gm/dl
One (1) week of age: gm/dl
One (1) month of age: 11-15gm/dl
Children: gm/dl
Adult males: gm/dl
Adult women: gm/dl
Men after middle age: gm/dl
Women after middle age: gm/dl
Hemoglobin is a compound found in red blood cells that allows them (RBC) to carry O2 and CO2.
Heme = iron
Globin = protein

11. Erythrocytes AKA - RBC Blood in arteries = Arterial Blood
Arterial Blood is bright red.
Bright red = lots of oxygen.
*Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Blood Vessels

12. Erythrocytes Blood inside a vein = Venous blood
Venous blood is dark crimson
Dark crimson = lots of CO2
*Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

13. Erythrocytes Erythropoiesis = manufacture of red cells in bone marrow.
Erythrocytes live about 120 days.
Old RBCs are broken down by spleen and liver.
Hemolysis = rupture of erythrocyte .

14. White Blood Cells WBC = Leukocyte There are different types of WBCs.
Granular and Agranular.

15. Leukocytes Fight Infection and disease!!!!!!
How do WBCs get to infection if it is outside the blood vessel?
Diapedesis = Ability of WBC to move through capillary walls.
Diapedesis

16. Leukocytes
Phagocytosis = Leukocyte surrounds, engulfs, and digests harmful bacteria
Phagocytosis

17. Inflammation
Inflammation is the body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma.
Symptoms of inflammation = redness, local heat, swelling (edema), and pain.

18. Inflammation
Inflammation is needed to fight infection and heal wounds.
Pathogen = disease causing microorganisms.
Do we want to fight these pathogens?
YES!!!!!!!!!!!
Who fights?
LEUKOCYTES!!!!!!!!!!!

19. Leukocytes There are 5 different WBCs.
Neutrophils – Phagocytosis, pus formation.
Eosinophils – Fight parasites, allergies.
Basophils – Phagocytosis, & release Heparin & histamine. Promote inflammation.
Lymphocytes – form antibodies.
Monocytes – Phagocytosis of debris.

20. Inflammation Vocabulary
Histamine = substance that  blood flow to the injured area.
Pus = a combination of dead tissue, dead & living pathogens, dead & living leukocytes & plasma.
Abscess = pus-filled cavity below the epidermis.
Pyrexia =  in body temp in response to pathogenic invasion.

21. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Made in the red bone marrow.
Initiates the blood clotting process.
Smallest of solid components of blood.
Not really cells. Just fragments of megacaryocytes.
Platelet formation

22. Coagulation
Complicated chain reaction that happens when you are cut or injured.
Coagulation=blood clotting.
Prothrombin and Fibrinogen are necessary proteins in the chain reaction.

23. Clot (Thrombus)
A mesh is created that traps RBCs.
Hemostasis

24. Coagulation Thrombosis = The formation of a blood clot.
Thrombus = Blood clot.
Embolism = Moving blood clot. Also could be air, cancer cells, or fat moving through a blood vessel.
DVT

25. Anticoagulant Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting.
Heparin is an anticoagulant.
Anticoagulants make blood thin.

26. Blood types Four major types.
Type determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.
Types
A – has A antigen present on RBC
B – has B antigen present on RBC
AB – has A & B present on RBC
O – has no antigens present on RBC

27. Blood types Inherited from parents.
If your body is exposed to a different antigen than you have, then you will make antibodies to inactivate the foreign antigen.

28. Blood types

29. Blood types RBCs also contain the Rh factor. Rh factor present = Rh +
Rh factor not present = Rh -

30. Blood types If you are Rh+ , you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood.
If you are Rh- , you can not receive Rh+ blood.
Universal Donor = O-
Universal Recipient = AB+

31. Disorders of the Blood
Anemia – Deficiency in number or ability of Erythrocytes.
There are different types of anemia.
Iron Deficiency anemia – Not enough iron in diet, causes insufficient hemoglobin synthesis. Ususally women & children.
Aplastic anemia – Bone marrow not making enough RBCs, can be caused by drugs or radiation.

32. Sickle cell anemia Chronic, inherited blood disorder.
Occurs primarily in African Americans.
The RBCs have a sickle (cresent) shape, they break easy, clog up vessels, & carry less O2.
Sickle Cell

33. Blood disorders
Polycythemia – too many RBCs.
Normal blood smear.

34. Blood disorders
Leukocytosis =  in WBCs, usually because of bacterial infection.
Leukopenia =  in WBCs, may be caused by drugs or radiation.

35. Leukemia
Cancer of any type is always caused by cells that are developing too quickly and are out of control.
Leukemia = overproduction of immature white blood cells.
Malignant condition.
Hinders synthesis of RBCs.
ALL

36. Hemophilia
Clotting factors (proteins) are missing or don't work as they should. This causes people to bleed for a longer time than those whose blood factor levels are normal.
Hereditary – X linked recessive.
Rx = give missing clotting factor, & avoid trauma.

37. Hemophilia

38. Thrombocytopenia
Not enough platelets.
Blood does not clot properly.

39. Thrombocytosis To many platelets.
May be asymptomatic, may have thrombotic episodes.

40. Hematoma Localized mass of blood. Usually caused by injury.
Blood vessels rupture, or are cut, and blood gets out.
Hematoma = Bruise

41. THE END

42. Blood Disorders 1. Anemia 2. Iron Deficiency anemia
3. Sickle cell anemia
4. Polycythemia
5. Leukocytosis
6. Leukopenia
7. Leukemia
8. Hemophilia
9. Thrombocytopenia
10. Thrombocytosis
11. Hematoma