1. BLOOD

2. Functions of Blood
Transportation- materials transported to and away from the cells
Materials transported are:
Nutrients such as glucose
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
Cellular metabolic wastes
Chemical messengers –hormones released and carried to another part of the body where they regulate cell activity (coordinating activities throughout the body)

3. Functions of Blood 2. Regulation
Body Temperature-Blood absorbs heat from warm areas and moves it to cooler areas
pH and water- maintain constant levels

4. Functions of Blood 3. Protection
Defend against invading organisms - Blood carries specialized cells and chemicals which defend the body against disease causing organisms such as bacteria, viruses and protists
Defend against blood loss from an injury - has the ability to clot

5. Components of Blood Plasma- clear, yellowish liquid
55% of total volume of blood in body
Contains the following- (function follows):
I. Water (90%)- acts as a solvent for all other dissolved substances
II. Electrolytes (salts)- water balance in cells controlling cell membrane permeability

6. Components of Blood III. Proteins-
Albumin- keeps water from entering the blood and leaving the cell by osmosis
Fibrinogen- aids in clotting
Globulins- transport other proteins or fight infections (antibodies)
IV. Nutrients- glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, proteins, enzymes

7. Components of Blood
V. Hormones- produced by endocrine glands to affect another part of the body
VI. Respiratory Gases- Carbon Dioxide waste from cellular respiration and a little oxygen

8. Formed Components (45% of total volume of the blood)
Red Blood cells, White Blood cells, Platelets
a. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin (protein that contains iron)- used for binding O2 ( some CO2 )
Cells are disc-shaped, have no nucleus

9. Red Blood Cells Function- transport O2 and help transport CO2
Formed by- bone marrow (red)
Function- transport O2 and help transport CO2
5-6 million cells/mm3 of blood (30 trillion in human body)
Life span- 120 days
Worn out cells removed and broken down by liver

10. White Blood Cells b. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) (WBC)
Colorless, with a nucleus, larger than red blood cells
Function- to protect body from disease-causing organisms (bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi) or anything that is foreign
5-10,000 /mm3 (60 billion in human body)

11. White Blood Cells
Formed- in bone marrow (some lymphatic tissue)
4 different kinds of WBCs
Neutrophils and monocytes- use phagocytosis to engulf (“eat”) foreign invaders
Lymphocytes- Killer T-cells (attack foreign invaders) and B-cells (produce antibodies- protein used to identify and alert the body’s defenses to foreign invaders)
Esinophils (involved with allergies and fighting parasites) and basophils (release histamine involved with inflammation in allergies)

12. Platelets C. Platelets (thrombocytes)
Made up of cell fragments (bits of cytoplasm with no nuclei)
Function- involved with clotting (thrombosis),(blood clot- thrombus)
Many substances coming together to form a solid mass to plug an injured blood vessel
Clot stops the bleeding, contracts and hardens

13. Platelets Formed- in bone marrow
thousand/mm3 (1.5 trillion in human body)

14. Common Blood Disorders
Anemia- lack of red blood cells or insufficient amount of Hemoglobin
Symptoms- body cells not getting enough oxygen so you feel tired

15. Anemia
Treatment- increase iron in body ( eat iron rich foods such as spinach and Vitamin B12 intake), may need blood transfusion in extremely serious
Sickle-cell Anemia- genetic disease causing thin crescent shaped red blood cells which cannot carry as much O2 and also clog blood vessels causing severe pain

16. Leukemia
Leukemia – too many self-attacking white blood cells (Cancer of the blood)
Symptoms- WBC attack your own body- eventually can lead to death
Treatment- cancer drug treatment and a bone marrow transplant will be needed

17. Hemophilia Hemophilia – inability to clot (very slow clotting)
Symptoms- bleeding for a prolonged period of time without clotting (could lead to bleeding to death)
Treatment- coagulant (clotting) drugs given when and injury occurs