1. Blood

2. Characteristics of Blood
Connective tissue
Plasma and cells
Transports substances between body cells and the external environment

3. Blood Volumes
Varies with body size (type), fluid and electrolyte concentrations, and amount of adipose (fat)
Average adult volume – 5 liters (4-5 L for women, 5-6 L for men)
Hematocrit – usually 45%

4. Blood Cell Types Erythrocytes – Red blood cells
Leukocytes – White blood cells
Thrombocytes - platelets

5. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Biconcave disks that thin near the centers
increased surface area for transporting gases
Have nuclei early in development, but extrude them
No nucleus – more room for hemoglobin, but cannot reproduce or make proteins

6. Hemoglobin Oxygen-carrying protein 1/3 of each RBC
Gives blood its color
Oxyhemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hypoxia
Cyanosis

7. Red Blood Cell Counts RBCC – the number of RBCs in 1 mm3 of blood
Adult male average – – 6.2 million
Adult female average – 4.2 – 5.4 million
Determines blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
Important diagnostic tool

8. Blood Cell Production
RBCs are normally flexible, elastic, and able to pass through small blood vessels
More fragile as they age
Macrophages phagocytize and destroy damaged RBCs in the liver and spleen in about 120 days

9. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Function to protect against disease
Phagocytize bacterial cells
Produce antibodies
Move by diapedesis
2 main types:
Granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes – monocytes and lymphocytes

11. Granulocytes - Neutrophils
Lobed nucleus with 2-5 sections
Dark staining nucleus and pale granules
54-62% of WBCs
Contain many lysosomes – actively phagocytizes bacteria

12. Granulocytes - Eosinophil
Contains coarse, uniformly sized granules
2 lobes on nucleus
Stains red
1-3% of WBCs
Kills parasites
Helps control inflammation and allergic reactions

13. Granulocyte - Basophils
Fewer, more irregular granules than eosinophils
Granules stain deep blue
Less than 1% of WBCs
Contain heparin (inhibits blood clotting) and histamine (increases blood flow to injured tissues)

14. Agranulocytes - Monocytes
Largest blood cells
May live weeks to months
3-9% of WBCs
Change to macrophages in tissue

15. Agranulocyte - Lymphocytes
Form in red bone marrow and lymphatic system
Slightly larger than RBCs
Large, round nucleus with rim of cytoplasm
May live for years
25-33% of WBCs
Important for immune response

16. White Blood Cell Count (WBCC)
Number of WBCs in 1 mm3 of blood
Adult average – 5000 – 10,000 cells
Leukocytosis – high count
Leukopenia – low count
Differential WBCC (DIFF)
More neutrophils – bacterial infection
More eosinophils – parasitic infection, allergic reaction
Leukemia

17. Platelets-- Thrombocytes
Not complete cells
Form from megakaryocytes that fragment
Lack nuclei
Half size of RBCs
Live 10 days
Average count – 300,000/mm3
Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels
Initiate formation of blood clots

18. Plasma 92% water Functions include:
Transporting nutrients, gases, and vitamins
Regulating fluid and electrolyte balance
Maintaining pH

19. Hemostasis Step 1: Vascular spasms Step 2: Platelet plug formation
Step 3: Coagulation
Step 4: Fibroblasts invade clot
Process takes 3-6 minutes

20. Hemostasis

21. Blood Disorders
Normally clots are good, but an embolism is a clot that dislodges and travels elsewhere in the body. This can result in a coronary (heart) or a stroke (brain).
A brain (cerebral) aneurysm is a bulging, weak area in the wall of an artery that supplies blood to the brain. In most cases, a brain aneurysm causes no symptoms and goes unnoticed. In rare cases, the brain aneurysm ruptures, releasing blood into the skull and causing a stroke.

22. Blood Groups
ABO blood group is based on the presence or absence of 2 major antigens (RBC surface molecules)
4 possible combinations: A B AB O
Blood typing game

23. video

24. Rh Blood Group 85% people are Rh+
Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh negative.