1. Blood Chapter 11 Notes
Kristin Jacobson
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2. Functions Transport gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
Regulate pH ( )
Maintain body temperature
Fight infections
Form clots
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3. Characteristics of Blood
Type of connective tissue
Sticky
Heavier than water
Oxygen content determines the color
Males have 5-6 L, females 4-5 L
Slightly higher temp than rest of body
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5. Compostion of Blood Plasma- Formed Elements- 55% of total blood
Pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells and acts as a great solvent
91% water, 7% protein, 2% other
Formed Elements-
45% of total blood
Cells and cell fragments
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
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6. Plasma Proteins Albumin- Globulins- Fibrinogen
58% of plasma proteins
Helps maintain water balance
Globulins-
38% of plasma protein
Help the immune system and transport hormone
Fibrinogen
4%of plasma proteins
Aids in clot formation
Serum- plasma without the clotting factors
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8. Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBC)
Disk-shaped with thick edges like a donut to increase surface area and help with flexibility in tight vessles
Nucleus is lost during cell development
Typically survive for 120 days
Function- transport oxygen to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs
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9. Hemoglobin Main component of RBC’s Transports oxygen
Each globin protein is attached to a heme molecule
Each heme contains one iron atom
Oxyhemoglobin- hemoglobin with an oxygen attached (bright red)
Without oxygen it is much darker red
Carbon monoxide is 210 times more attracted to hemoglobin than oxygen
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10. What happens to old Erythrocytes?
They are removed by macrophages in the spleen and liver
Hemoglobin is broken down
Globin is broken down into amino acids
Heme is converted to bilirubin which is a yellow pigment
Bilirubin is taken up by the liver and released into the small intestine in the bile
This gives both feces and urine their color
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12. Hematopoiesis What is it? Process of blood cell formation
In the fetus RBC’s are produced in the liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow
In children and adults they are produced only in the red bone marrow
Stem cell- original cell line found in umbilical cord and bone marrow
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13. Production of Erythrocytes
Decreased blood oxygen levels cause the kidneys to increase production of the glycoprotein erythropoietin.
Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes.
Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in blood oxygen levels
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15. Leukocytes White blood cells (WBC) Lack hemoglobin Larger than RBCs
Contain a nucleus
Functions- fight infections
Remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis
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16. Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes- White blood cells that contain granules visible when stained
Neutrophils-
Most common
Remain in the blood for a short time then move into the tissues
Phagocytes – they eat up dead cells like an amoeba
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17. Eosinophils- reduce inflammation
Basophils- least common and release histamine to cause inflammation and heparin which prevents clot formation
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18. Agranulocytes- no granules
Monocytes
Largest leukocyte
Produces macrophages- large vacuum cells that clean up all foreign objects throughout the body
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
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19. Platelets What are they? Fragments of cells Help in blood clotting
Produced in red bone marrow
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20. Body’s defense against blood loss
Blood vessel constriction-
Can completely close small vessels
Platelet plugs
Can seal up small breaks in blood vessels
Blood Clotting (coagulation)
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21. Blood Clotting Blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel
Clot- network of thread-like proteins called fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid
Formation of clot depend on clotting factors
Clotting factors- proteins in plasma that are activated following injury
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22. Steps in clot formation
Injury to blood vessel causes inactive clotting factors to become activated
Prothrombinase (clotting factor) is formed and acts upon prothrombin
Prothrombin is switched to its active form thrombin
Thrombin activates fibrinogen into its active form fibrin
Fibrin forms a network that traps blood (clots)
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25. Control of clot formation
Clots need to be controlled so they do not spread throughout the body
Anticoagulants-
Prevent clots from forming
Ex. Heparin and antithrombin
Injury causes enough clotting factors to be activated that anticoagulants an not work in that part of the body
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26. Blood Reactions Injury or surgery can lead to a blood transfusion
Transfusion reactions/ Aggulination- clumping of blood cells (bad)
Antibodies- proteins in plasma
Blood groups- named according to antigen (ABO)
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27. Antibodies B A none __A & B Common 2nd 3rd 4th 1st
Type A B AB O
Antigen A B A & B na
Antibodies B A none __A & B
Common 2nd 3rd 4th 1st
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29. Figure 11.12
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30. O are universal donors (no antigens) Type A can receive A and O blood
Type B can receive B and O blood
Type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood (universal receivers)
Type ) can only receive O blood
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31. Rh Blood Group Rh positive means you have Rh antigens
85-95% of the population is Rh pos.
Antibodies only develop if an Rh neg. person is exposed to Rh pos. blood by transfusion or from mother to fetus
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32. Example of an Rh Reaction
If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+ the mother can be exposed to Rh+ blood if the fetal blood leaks through the placenta and mixes with the mother’s blood
The first time this occures the mother’s blood produces antibodies against the antigens.
Any repeated mixing of blood causes a reaction
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