Large Carbon Molecules Monomer -a small molecule that is linked with large numbers of other small molecules to form a chain or a network (polymer). Polymer -a large molecule made by linking smaller molecules ("monomers") together. Macromolecules –large polymers; ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid

Condensation Reaction Chemical reaction where monomers link to form polymers Each time a monomer is linked to a polymer, a water molecule is released Glucose + Fructose  Sucrose + H 2 O Glucose releases H + Fructose releases OH -

Hydrolysis Chemical reaction where water is used to break down a polymer water breaks the bond linking each monomer Sucrose can be broken down into Glucose and Fructose

Energy Currency Energy for life processes is stored in compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate, or ATP 5-carbon sugar, ribose (pink) adenine (nitrogen-containing compound) (blue) 3 linked phosphate groups bonded by covalent bonds When one of these bonds breaks energy is released

Molecules of Life Carbohydrates organic compounds C:H:O is 1:2:1 = ISOMERS Monosaccharide = simple sugar (CH 2 O) n Glucose – primary energy source for cells Fructose – found in fruits (Sweet!) Galactose – found in milk Cellulose – strength and rigidity for plant cells Disaccharide = double sugar (2 monosaccharide) Polysaccharide = complex molecule

Molecules of Life Continued Proteins organic compound Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen formed from linking monomers called amino acids 20 different amino acids, different R groups, different shapes

Proteins continued… Bonds between amino acids = peptide bonds (amino group of one amino acid bonds to carboxyl group of another amino acid)

Proteins continued… Polypeptides = very long chains of amino acids 1 or more polypeptides = protein Proteins as Catalysts Catalyst- reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place

Proteins continued… Enzyme – RNA or protein that acts as biological catalysts (speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed)  Reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate, the reactant being catalyzed.  The enzyme has folds (an active site) with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into the active site.  An enzyme may not work if its environment changes (if it’s “denatured”)  Change in temperature  Change in pH

Why are proteins important? Proteins play a variety of roles in the cell. Structural role - cytoskeleton Mechanical role - muscle Biochemical role - enzyme Cell Signaling role - hormones

Lipids  Large, non-polar  helps insulate the body and protect organs  do not dissolve in water Examples: triglycerides (fats) phospholipids steroids waxes pigments  Consists of C, H, O Has more C-H bonds/gram than the other organic compounds which means it stores more energy per gram

Lipids continued….  Made up of fatty acids (long carbon chain with functional group at end)

Lipids: Hydrophobic Vs. Hydrophilic Ends Hydro means? Phobic means? Philic means? Water Fear or an aversion for An affinity for hydrocarbon (Carbons bonded to Hydrogens) end = hydrophobic or “water fearing” Carboxyl end = polar = hydrophilic = “water loving”

Lipids: Saturated Vs. Unsaturated  Palmitic acid - Are all carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms?  Carbon atoms = full  “Saturated”  Linoleic acid - Are all carbon atoms bonded to four other atoms?  Carbon atoms = not all full  “unsaturated” Saturated Unsaturated - Solid at room temperature; Ex. Butter, meat, egg yolks - Liquid at room temperature; Ex. Fish oil

Three Key Classes of Lipids 1.Triglycerides 2.Phospholipids 3.Waxes

Triglycerides (Fats)  3 molecules of fatty acid  1 molecule of alcohol glycerol  A saturated triglyceride is made of saturated fatty acids  Ex. fats in red meat  An unsaturated triglyceride is made of unsaturated fatty acids  Plant seeds (energy and carbon source)

Phospholipid  2 fatty acids  1 molecule of glycerol  Phosphate group attached to third carbon in glycerol

Phospholipid Bilayer Cell Membrane: 2 layers of phospholipids Hydrophilic Vs. Hydrophobic

Wax  Long fatty acid chain  Long alcohol chain  Water proof  Protective layers  Why do we have earwax? Main reason of ear wax is to act as a barrier for pathogens and protect the ear canal. The reason we are asking about it though is because ear wax has a high lipid (fat) content which keeps the ear canal from drying out. Drying of the canal can lead to itching and burning, which can damage the structure. Information came from

Steroids  4 fused carbon rings  Many functional groups Example 1: the male hormone testosterone Example 2: cholesterol – needed for nerve cells, etc. to function properly (also part of cell membrane)

Nucleic Acids Polymers made up of thousands of linked monomers called nucleotides Nucleotide: phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, ring- shaped nitrogenous base DNA – double helixRNA – single stranded

Key Roles in the Body o DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid o Determines the characteristics of an organism o Directs cell activity o RNA = Ribonucleic Acid o Stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacture of proteins o Some act as enzymes