Past perfect (I had done) and past simple (I did)

A. We use the past perfect to talk about a past situation or activity that took place before another past situation or activity, or before a particular time in the past: As Mary shook Mr Morgan’s hand, she realized she had seen him before. We use than past simple tense rather than the past perfect when we simply talk about a single activity or event in the past: I handed the letter to him.

B. We use the past perfect when we say what we wanted or hoped to do, but didn’t: I had wanted to visit a gallery before I left Florence, but it’s closed on Sundays. Other verbs used like this include expect (to), mean (to), think (about+-ing).

C. When we use a time expression (e.g. after, as soon as, before, by the time (that), when) to say that one event happened after another, we use either the past simple or past perfect for the event that happened first and the past simple for the event that happened second: After Mary (had) finished reading, she put out the light. When Carol (had) brushed her teeth, she went to bed.

But to emphasise that the second event is the result of the first, we prefer the past simple for both: She became famous after she appeared on the TV programme. When the teacher came in, all the children stood up. With already and just (= a very short time before) we use the past perfect, not the past simple: The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. She had just stepped into her office when the telephone rang.

EXERCISES A. Give the past participle form of the verb in brackets: 1.The rain (stop). 2.The oil tanker has just (sink). 3.The sailor has just (swim) to the shore. 4.Has he (steal) anything? 5.The match has just (start). 6.Mike has (show) me his camera. 7.Tommy has (hide) behind a tree. 8.Has he (sweep) the terrace? 9.Our guests have just (sit) down at the dinner table. 10.They have just (sing) a song. 11.Have you (drink) all your milk? 12.You have (spoil) our party. 13.Mrs Stone has just (fly) to Moscow. 14.Gordon has just (drive) the car round the block. 15.Have you (tear) your stockings? 16.The zoo keeper has (feed) all the animals. 17.The goalkeeper has already (throw) the ball back.

B. TO LIE LAY LAIN (LYING) She has lain on the couch all the afternoon. TO LIE LIED LIED (LYING) Has he ever lied to you? TO LAY LAID LAID (LAYING) Has Mary laid the table?

1. When are you going to write your paper for history class? – I already (write) it. I (write) it after school. 2. I (be) in this school since the beginning of September. Since I (come) here, I (meet) many people. 3. I (have) a lot of problems since I (come) to this school. 4. Justin and I are friends. I (know) him since I (be) a freshman in high school. C. Choose the correct form of the verb: the Present Perfect or the Simple Past tense:

5.Look at these sentence, Bob. You (make) two mistakes. 6. ………you ever (visit) Australia? – Yes, I (visit) Australia twice. I first (visit) Australia in the autumn 1989 and my second visit (be) in the spring How long…..your father (be) out of work? – He isn’t out of work now. He just (start) a new job. 8. Well, one thing is certain. You English (improve) since you (start) to do grammar exercises.

Vocabulary Practice 1. What is a subsidiary company? 2. Who are expatriate managers? 3. What do words turnover/staff turnover mean? 4. What is a memo? 5. Explain or give a synonym for word manageable 6. Explain the difference between these words: sensible/sensitive 7. Explain the difference between these words: to rise/to raise 8. What is a synonym for word wares?

9. What does word ignorance mean? 10. What does word to allocate mean? Make a sentence on your own using this word. 11. What does word to delegate mean? Make a sentence on your own using this word. 12. What does word to submit mean? Make a sentence on your own using this word.

13. What are minutes? 14. What is a casting vote? 15. Explain the role of hands-on manager in a company? 16. What does word fluency mean? 17. Explain the difference between these words effective/efficient

18. What does word backlog mean? 19. Explain the difference between these words trip/journey/voyage 20. What is an invoice? 21. What are Corporate events? 22. What does word vendor mean? 23. Explain the difference between these words wholesale/retail 24. Explain the meaning of the given abbreviations: enc. / etc. / c/o / re. / cc