2. WWe use the Present Perfect to show a direct link with the present. WWe use it for something that happened in the past but when the present result is important. e.g. Sarah has eaten something bad. She does not feel well.

3. WWe use the Present Perfect to show a direct link with the present. WWith words such as just, recently and lately the Present Perfect shows that something happened in the recent past, close to the present. e.g. Mr. Levi has just come back from his trip.

4. WWe use the Present Perfect to show a direct link with the present. IIt is used for something that began in the past and continues into the present. e.g. We have been in New York for a week and are having a great time. IIt is used for an action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking. e.g. I have never been to Australia.

5. WWe use the Present Perfect with already emphasis to show surprise that something has happened sooner than expected. Already is used only in positive and question sentences. e.g. I have already done my homework! Can’t you see it’s finished?

6. WWe often use the Present Perfect with ever and never to refer to all past time till now. e.g. Have you ever been to London? – No, I haven’t.

7. TThe Present Perfect is often used after a superlative when the main verb of the sentence is in the present tense. e.g. This is the best concert I have ever visited. IIt is used with the following expressions: this is the first (second, eetc) time…, it’s the first (second, etc.) time… e.g. This is the first time she has been in New York.

8. TThe Present Perfect is used with since and for for an activity that began in the past but continues into the present. For – indicates a period or length of time. Since – mentions a point in time when the action began. e.g. Katya has lived in Israel since 2000. Guy hasn’t left the city for six years.

9. WWe often use the Present Perfect with ever and never to refer to all past time till now. e.g. Have you ever been to Paris? – No, I haven’t.

10. IIt is used to ask or state how long something has taken place up to the present. e.g. How long have you played the piano?

11. TThe Present Perfect with yet shows that the speaker expects something to happen. Yet is used only in questions and negative sentences. e.g. Have you see a new movie yet?

12. already all my life ever for just not yet recently since so far up to now lately till now never yet

13. I, we, you, they Rest of the sentence have He, she, ithas V3V3 She has already done her Book Report. We have decided where to go on holiday. I, we, you, they He, she, it have has not V3V3 Rest of the sentence Yuval hasn’t left the country for five years. We haven’t seen Noam since Sunday.

14. Yes / No Question I, we, you, they Has Rest of the sentence? Wh - word Have he, she, it V3V3 Wh – Non- Subject Question has have he, she, it I, we, you, they V3V3 Rest of the sentence? Wh – Subject Question Who/ Whathas V3V3 Rest of the sentence?

15. WWe use the Present Perfect Progressive for a continuous or repeated activity that began in the past and continues into the present. It emphasizes the activity itself and its duration. e.g. Harry has been waiting for over an hour.

16. WWe use the Present Perfect Progressive for a continuous repeated activity that ahs recently stopped but it closely linked to the present. e.g. You have been working very hard recently. You don’t look well.

17. SSince and for are used with Present Perfect Progressive to indicate duration i.e. how long something has been happening. e.g. Peter has been working for the same company since 2005.

18. TThe Present Perfect Progressive is used to ask and state how long something has been happening up to the present. e.g. How long have you been reading this book?

19. I, we, you, they He, she, it have has been V- ing Rest of the sentence. Jack has been waiting for over an hour. I, we, you, they He, she, it have has notbeen V- ing Rest of the sentence. Tom hasn’t been traveling a lot lately.

20. Has Have he, she, it Yes / No Question I, we, you, they been V- ing Rest of the sentence? Has Roni been taking driving lessons lately? Wh-Non-Subject Question Wh-word has have he, she, it I, we, you, they been V- ing Rest of the sentence? How long have you been watching TV? Wh-Subject Question Who/Whathasbeen V- ing Rest of the sentence? Who has been working for this company since 2000?

21. Certain time in the past or just / already / yet? Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already /not yet happened? Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary two minutes ago. just / already / not yet Example: I have just phoned Mary. Certain event in the past or how often so far? Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now? Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer. whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

22. Emphasis on action or result? Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasize the result (a past action's consequence in the present)? Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.) Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.) Signal Words Signal Words Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple yesterday... ago in 1990 the other day last... just already up to now until now / till now ever (not) yet so far lately / recently

23. Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning. We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasize the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasize the duration or continuous course of an action. Result or duration? Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet? Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice. Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

24. Certain verbs The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form). state: be, have (for possession only)Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks. senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He has touched the painting. brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I have known him for 3 years. Emphasis on completion or duration? Do you want to emphasize the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)? Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.) Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

25. Result or side effect? Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect? Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.) unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.) Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action? In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action? Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.) since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

26. Permanent or temporary? If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency. Signal Words Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.) temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.) Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive how often... times how long since for

27. Ex. 1 Ex. 5Ex. 6 Ex.7Ex. 8 Ex.2Ex.3Ex.4 Present Perfect Simple Mixed Exercises Present Perfect Progressive Ex. 9Ex.10Ex.11 Ex. 12