1  Influx of gold and silver from America into Europe led to inflation (rising prices).  Growing population increased demand for land and food also driving up prices.

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3  Warfare, plague, and famine all led to population decline and social tensions.

4  Accusations of witchcraft soared especially with the common people. Mostly women were tried and hanged after admitting to being witches after endless torturer.

5  The last of the religious wars  Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain entered the war.  France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire battled for European leadership.  The most destructive battles Europe had ever seen.  Mostly occurred on German soil.

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7  The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the Thirty Year War.  The 300 states (Holy Roman Empire) were each recognized independently, thus leaving Germany in a fractured state for nearly the next 200 years.

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9  The most famous struggle was the English Revolution. At its core was the struggle between the King (James I) and Parliament.  King James I believed in the divine right of kings -this is, that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God. the divine right of kings

10  The Puritans, inspired by Calvinist ideas, did not like the king’s defense of the Church of England. The Puritans wanted to make it more Protestant. Puritans  This conflict came to a head during the reign of James’ son, Charles I. Charles I

11  Complaints grew until England slipped into civil war in  The battle ensued between supporters of the king (the Cavaliers ) and the parliamentary forces (called the Roundheads because of their short hair). Cavaliers Roundheads

12  Oliver Cromwell led his New Model Army (roundhead followers) and they purged parliament of any members who had not supported him. All remaining members were called the Rump Parliament. Oliver Cromwell Rump Parliament  The Rump Parliament beheaded Charles I, abolished the monarchy, and declared England a commonwealth.Charles  Eventually Oliver Cromwell took power and held it militarily until his death in 1658.Oliver Cromwell

13  More than a year later, parliament restored the monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son of Charles I.  This brought back the religious conflict between the Church of England, Catholics and Puritans. Parliament was very concerned. A group of English noble- man invited William of Orange to invade England. With his wife Mary, they raised an army and “invaded” England, with little or no bloodshed, a “ Glorious Revolution ”.

14  William and Mary took the throne in 1698 along with a Bill of Rights. This bill recognized Parliament’s right to make laws, prevented monarchs from raising armies, and recognized the right to a trial by jury.  The Bill of Rights also granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship. But in the end, few English citizens, however, would ever again be persecuted for religion.  This was the basic foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England.

 Inflation Inflation  Witchcraft Witchcraft  Divine right of kings Divine right of kings  Commonwealth  Rump Parliament  Bill of Rights 15 Identify the following terms and People using your text book:  James I James I  Puritans Puritans  Charles I Charles I  Cavaliers Cavaliers  Roundheads Roundheads  Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell