The Cold War Notes – Chapters 36-38

Former Allies Clash Yalta Conference – Feb 1945 FDR, Churchill, Stalin Occupation zones in Germany Free Poland UN Soviets enter war against Japan in exchange for land Post-war World

Former Allies Clash US and USSR emerged as rival superpowers Bitter rivalry USSR – communist country State controlled all property Totalitarian government – no opposing parties US – capitalist country Private citizens control property Democratic – vote with free political parties

Former Allies Clash Stalin had only joined the Allies after Hitler invaded the USSR US suspicious Stalin resented Allied delay in creating the second front in WW2 US ended lend-lease to USSR US had kept atomic bomb a secret USSR wanted sphere of influence for protection

United Nations Hopes for world peace 50 Nations met to establish UN in April 1945 US and USSR used UN as a forum to spread their influence

Potsdam Conference US, UK, and USSR US – Truman UK – Clement Attlee USSR – Stalin

Potsdam Conference At Yalta, Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland Truman wanted self-determination US would benefit economically Access to raw materials Markets to sell goods Stalin did not keep his promise Wanted land to prevent invasions from west

Containment Stalin installed communist governments in countries of Eastern Europe Satellite nations – countries dominated by the USSR War was inevitable? US moves to contain the Soviet threat George Kennan proposed policy of containment Prevent the extension of communism to other countries

The Iron Curtain Europe was divided Communist Eastern Europe v. Democratic Western Europe Churchill coins the phrase iron curtain Metaphor for the division of Europe

Cold War US v. USSR –neither nation confronted the other on the battlefield Dominated global affairs from Truman Doctrine The US will “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures” US spends $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey Prevent communist take over National Security Act – 1947 Set up Dept of Defense, CIA (keep draft)

National Defense Budget [ ]

Marshall Plan Sec. of State George Marshall US provides aid to all European nations that needed it Revived European hopes 16 countries received $13 billion in aid Communist party lost its appeal to voters in Western Europe

Germany? Issue of German reunification Germany was divided into four zones after WW2 US, UK, and France combined their zones in 1948 USSR held East Germany City of Berlin was split into the two zones Western Berlin was occupied by Allies, but surrounded by Soviet territory Stalin closed off routes into West Berlin

Berlin Airlift No fuel or food could reach W. Berlin US and UK flew food and supplies to Berlin W. Berlin survived USSR lifted blockade and US prestige was raised

NATO 12 nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pledged military support First time US entered a military alliance during peacetime NO isolationism for US! Soviets respond with Warsaw Pact

Nuclear Arms Race Began during Truman’s Presidency Soviets exploded atomic bomb in 1949 US entered into race for Hydrogen Bomb Even more destructive – immoral? US explodes H-Bomb in 1952 Soviets exploded H-Bomb 1953

Brinkmanship John Foster Dulles – Ike’s Secretary of State ANTI-COMMUNIST A moral crusade against communism Brinkmanship – willingness to go to the edge of all-out war US trimmed army and navy to focus on its air force Built up nuclear weapons

Chinese Civil War – Chiang Kai-Shek (nationalist) v. Mao Zedong (communist) US supports nationalists with aid, but no troops Nationalists lose and flee to Taiwan Mainland China becomes communist Democrats accused of being soft on communism

Korean War [ ]

Korean War North Korea attacked the South USSR absent from UN UN votes to restore peace US aids South – MacArthur’s troops China intervenes for North MacArthur presses for retaliation/invasion of China/use of nuclear weapons Publicly complains FIRED!

Korean War [ ] Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

The Shifting Map of Korea [ ]

Cold War Spreads CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) Collected information – spies Covert operations Iran Prime Minister Mossadegh nationalized oil fields CIA helped the Shah of Iran return to power Turned oil fields back over to Western companies Guatemala CIA took covert action to change the govt.

Cold War Spreads Geneva Summit “open skies proposal” – allow flights Soviets reject it, but it’s a step towards peace Suez War Nasser looking for aid for dam on Nile Asked US/Britain, then USSR US withdraws offer Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Israel, Britain, and France sent troops UN defused situation

Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower’s Warning US would defend the Middle East against communist attack

Hungarian Uprising Soviets had dominated Hungary Hungarians revolted in 1956 – Democracy! Soviets brutally responded and put down rebellion US did nothing – Hungary was a satellite

Space Race Khruschev took power after Stalin Peaceful coexistence Competition! Soviets launched Sputnik in 1957 World’s first artificial satellite US frantically tries to catch up Pours in money – research and education Creation of NASA

U-2 Incident CIA made secret flights over USSR (U-2) Eisenhower and Krushchev holding another summit Dulles – make one last flight! Soviets shoot down the plane Flown by Francis Gary Powers Renewed Confrontation Eisenhower at first denies then admits incident Krushchev demands apology Eisenhower says NO! -- TENSION

Kennedy and the Cold War Foreign Policy focused on Cold War Communists gaining loyalty in third world Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress Redefine the nation’s nuclear strategy Flexible Response: Create a range of options by strengthening the conventional military Created the Green Berets Elite branch of the Army

Cold War Continues Fidel Castro leads communist revolution in Cuba – 1959 Nationalizes US/UK properties US cuts off Cuban trade April 17, 1961 – Bay of Pigs CIA trained Cuban exiles attempted to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro Failed – JFK takes responsibility (even though the plan was put in place by Ike) Pushed Cuba further into alliance with USSR

Cold War Continues Cuban Missile Crisis Oct 1962, US spy planes review nuclear missiles in Cuba JFK rejects air strike, instead issues a naval quarantine of Cuba Khrushchev agrees to pull missiles out of Cuba and US agrees to remove missiles from Turkey

Berlin Wall Crisis After the airlift, many East Germans fled to West Berlin Khrushchev wanted to close access JFK says NO! – we are determined to not let the communists drive us from Berlin Khruschev erected the Berlin Wall Separated East and West Berlin Prevented refugees from crossing