Unit 1: Scientific Method & Chemistry Chapter: 2-3 Macromolecules Unit 1: Scientific Method & Chemistry Chapter: 2-3

Standards 1) The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept: h) Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

Chemistry of Life All living things are made up of 4 main elements: Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Hydrogen Organic molecules have carbon Inorganic molecules do not have carbon Ex: Water H20

Macromolecules “Big Molecules” made of many smaller molecules Monomer: small molecule Polymer: larger molecule made up of monomers Polymerization: process that joins monomers together to make a polymer Polymer Monomer Polymerization

Example: Legos Monomer = 1 lego Polymer = many legos connected together

Types of Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Proteins

1. Carbohydrates Use: Main energy source for cells Monomer: Monosaccharide One sugar Ex: glucose fructose galactose Polymer: Polysaccharides Big carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides joined together Ex: glycogen (animals) Ex: starch (plants) Food Source: plants, pasta, bread, sugar

2. Lipids Use: Long term energy storage (fat, oil) Chemical messengers (steroids & cholesterol) Cell membrane (phospholipids) Monomers: Lipids are made of a fatty acid chain & a glycerol head Polymer: Lipids & triglyceride

More about the monomer: Fatty acid chains can be: 1. Saturated: all single bonds, solid at room temp, found in animals (“bad” fat) 2. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp, called oils (“good” fat)

Which is unsaturated? A B C

More About the Polymer: Lipids 2 Types of Lipids 1. Sterols: chemical messengers Ex: Cholesterol; Hormones (testosterone & estrogen) 2. Phospholipids: make up cell membranes Glycerol Head (with phosphate group) Hydrophilic: likes water 2 Fatty Acid Chains Hydrophobic: “fears” water Food Source: fats, oils, grease

3. Nucleic Acids Use: store & transmit genetic information Monomers: Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a: Sugar: ribose or deoxyribose Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base Adenine (A), Thymine (T) Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U) Polymers: DNA & RNA DNA uses bases A,T,C,G & has 2 strands RNA uses bases A,U,C,G & has 1 strand Food sources: all plant & animal foods

4. Proteins Use: carry out gene expression Structure - found in hair, horns, spider’s silk Transport – moving material Defense - antibodies Enzymes – helping chemical reactions Monomers: Proteins are made of amino acids Joined together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids They join together and fold to make a protein Polymer: Polypeptide or Enzyme

POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN: Peptide Bond Amino Acids

Protein shape determines its function Enzymes are proteins that control the rate of a reaction Central Dogma Rule: genetic information is transferred from: DNA RNA Protein Food sources: Meat, dairy products, beans

Protein Folding

Pop-quiz 1. The monomer of this group is a monosaccharide. ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

2. This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane. ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

3. Enzymes belong to this group. ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

4. This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell. ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

5. This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes). ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

6. This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch. ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

7. This group is made up of the monomers: fatty acid chain and glycerol head. ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein

8. Macromolecules in cells are created from ANSWERS: A) groups of cells B) toxic substances C) small molecules D) one element

9. Macromolecules are also known as ANSWERS: A) Polymers B) Monomers C) micromolecules D) Nucleotides

10. Many amino acids bond together to form which polymer? ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein