Raymond Martin

Lecture 4 – Literature Review A literature review summarises, interprets and evaluates existing literature (published material) to establish knowledge of a topic.

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d In writing the literature review you: –analyse the contents of the various sources –synthesise them into a whole that gives the reader an understanding of the state of the art on a particular question, problem, or topic/sub-topics.

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d A literature review answers the following questions: What is known about the subject? What is the chronology of the development of knowledge about the subject? Are there gaps in the knowledge?

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d Is there a consensus on relevant issues? Or is there significant debate? What are the various positions? What is the most fruitful direction for the research as a result of the literature review? What directions are indicated by the work of other researchers?

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d Mechanics: Search through the literature –Identify key words –Identify important authors in area –Identify key publications Take thorough notes –Link references to information; index cards

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d Mechanics Cont’d: Write the review –Organise by topic not by author or date –Synthesise literature from various sources –End by summarising the main points –Edit and Rewrite

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d Citation of Sources: Sources of information should be cited to credit the original creator of the idea, quotation or illustration. Plagiarism if this not done Exact wording must be put in quotation marks

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d Citation of Sources: If you take information from a printed book – See front and back of title page for details. In magazines and journals the information is also found inside the journal Citations should follow the APA style

Lecture 4 – Literature Review Cont’d Citation of Sources: (Brown, 2004) Brown (2004) noted that Brown & White, 2004). Brown and White (2004) (Brown, White & Black, 2004) --- (Brown et al., 2004) Brown, White and Black (2004) --- Brown et al., (2004) ----

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Effect of Infant’s Perceived Gender on Adolescents’ Ratings of the Infant Julie Ann Homutoff and Douglas Degelman Vanguard University of Southern California

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Many researchers agree that gender role socialization begins at the time of an infant’s birth (Haugh, Hoffman & Cowan, 1980; Honig, 1983).

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d References Haugh, S. S., Hoffman, C. D., & Cowan, G. (1980). The eye of the very young beholder: Sex typing of infants by young children. Child Development, 51, Honig, A.S. (1983). Sex role socialization in early childhood. Young Children, 38,

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Participants for the present study will be selected to represent the adolescent age period (12-14-year-olds). Consistent with the findings of Haugh et al. (1980) and the studies reviewed here, it is expected that the act of labeling infants with gender-typed first names will elicit responses of learned attributes associated with gender-category labels.

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d References Haugh, S. S., Hoffman, C. D., & Cowan, G. (1980). The eye of the very young beholder: Sex typing of infants by young children. Child Development, 51,

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d The purpose of this present study is to systematically examine the effects of gender of adolescents and infants’ perceived gender, and their interaction, on adolescents’ ratings toward the infant. Several studies suggest that differences in the ratings of a perceived male or perceived female infant are a function of the actual gendr of the observer (Condry & Condry, 1976; Vogel et al., 1991).

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d References Condry, J., & Condry, S. (1976). Sex differences: A study of the eye of the beholder. Child Development, 47, Vogel, D. A.., Lake, M. A., Evans, S., & Karraker, K. H. (1991). Children’s and adults’ sex-stereotyped perception of infants. Sex Roles, 24,

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. Example: APA Style Essentials Last modified July 22, 2003 Douglas Degelman, Ph.D., and Martin Lorenzo Harris, Ph.D. Vanguard University of Southern California

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that you have not read ("Grayson" in the following example) that is cited in a source that you have read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in the following example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have read in the References list:

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Journal article Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26,

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Book Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Lecture 5 – Literature Review Cont’d Web document on university program or department Web site Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web site: elman/index.cfm?doc_id=796 elman/index.cfm?doc_id=796