By: John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Senior High School

Society divided by gender and class Most belonging to lowest class—serfs serf families support one noble household Rapid population growth b/w Three-field rotation increases food production, agricultural revolution

Black Death kills 2/3 of European population 1400: population returns to pre-plague levels, surpasses by 1500 Higher labor costs/pay Land ownership increases Civil unrest and decrease in religious faith Economy shrinks, but per-capita production increases Animals not affected, meat and leather supply increases Serfdom decreases significantly Product prices drop Use of technology increases to make up for lost labor Water wheels and mills Mining increases Deforestation as industry increases

Emergence of great European cities Throughout Middle Ages, European cities were small and poor Italian trading cities emerge (Venice, Genoa, Milan, Florence) Northern European Hanseatic League (Baltic Sea) Champagne trading fairs Independence of trading cities allows them to change with market conditions faster than eastern rivals Industrial production increases, spreads Guilds Growing wealthy class of bankers (Medici family) Poverty common in cities Gothic Cathedrals

Grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy all taught to first year students

Early Christian: (top center) Long rectangular shape used in Roman basilicas, utilizing a flat roof. Romanesque: (top right) Uses the same Roman basilica style as earlier churches, but with rounded, vaulted ceilings Gothic: (bottom right) Uses flying buttresses to prop up taller buildings, giving them the illusion of upward movement.

1300: Kings tired of Papal claims of supremacy King Philip IV of France wants to tax clergy Pope Boniface VIII says not without his approval King sends troops to arrest pope, bring to trial Boniface dies, King Philip fixes the papal election Clement V, a Frenchman, elected pope, lives in Avignon Popes live in Avignon from : Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome

“Here reign the successors of the poor fisherman of Galilee; they have strangely forgotten their origin. I am astounded…to see these men loaded with gold and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of princes and nations.”~Petrarch, Italian Poet

Gregory XI dies shortly after return to Rome Cardinals chose an Italian pope, Urban VI, but French cardinals elect a French pope in Avignon Now, two popes compete for power/leadership King of France and allies support Avignon’s pope King of England and allies support Rome’s pope People lose faith in both popes and church 1417: Council of Constance, new pope elected John Hus: Czech reformer, convicted of heresy Causes uprising in Bohemia until : Pope loses fight for supremacy over state

As the Church loses power, it prevents other rivals from rising 926: Otto I named Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII Emperors attempt to conquer Italy against Pope’s wishes Investiture Controversy (Contest) Pope Gregory VIII calls for end of lay investiture Prevent Holy Roman emperors from naming church leaders in Germany Emperor Henry IV challenges, German princes rebel Princes win more power within Empire with the help of Pope Fredrick I Barbarossa pushes into northern Italy Coalition of Italian city-states, backed by Pope, force Fredrick back

987: Hugh Capet elected by French nobles to replace last Carolingian king, but controls only small area around Paris Powerful lords limit the power of the Capet : Capetian kings slowly gain in power, centralize government Norman lords form a highly centralized state in northern France Decedents of Vikings, Normans disregard loyalty to Capetian kings, retain land Normans begins do expand throughout Europe, rise as political/military leaders 1066: Duke William of Normandy invades England William “the Conqueror” crowned King William I of England England rises as centralized threat to Capetian France

1300: England still owns small piece of land in France, Duchy of Gascony English king (Edward III), as Duke of Gascony, was a vassal of the French king (Philip VI) 1337: Philip invades Gascony to cede into realm Edward declares war on France, lasts until 1453 Peasant foot-soldiers outshine mounted knights English use more foot-soldiers than French, and also equip soldiers with longbows French use crossbows at first

1346: Battle of Crécy: French attack with no plan, slaughtered by English longbows English not strong enough to conquer all of France King Henry V of England keeps trying 1415: Battle of Agincourt heavily armored French noblemen get stuck in muddy battle field—1,500 die— England controls N. France

King Charles V of France loses hope Young, religious woman named Joan convinces King Charles to let her follow army to Orléans Joan’s faith powers French to victory 1430: Captured by English, convicted of witchcraft Joan’s faith reenergized the French army, and they easily won battles in Aquitaine and Normandy; French win war in 1453 The invention of the cannon also responsible for eventual French victory

Italy is not united state, but collection of small and large states Central Italy The Papal States exercise political influence throughout Central Italy Pope acts as king of the Papal States The Italian City-States Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice Venetian Confederation most dominant state, powerful navy Southern Italy Byzantine and Muslim states claim southern Italy and Sicily Norman merchants conquer southern Italy, bring Roman Catholic Christianity Lay foundation for rise of Kingdom of Naples Christian & Muslim Spain Competing Christian kingdoms attempt to unify northern Spain Ummayad caliphs losing grip on power

Aragon & Castile two most powerful kingdoms Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon, work together to strengthen Spanish monarchy Spanish religious conformity= Catholic nation 1492: Jews kicked out of Spain 1502: Muslims kicked out of Spain Both Jews and Muslims who wish to stay in Spain must convert to Christianity (Catholicism)

The Capitulation of Granada, by Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz (1882)

Kings in England, France and Spain have trouble producing male heirs Nobles fight to replace dying dynasties New dynasties establish “new monarchies” France’s kings use new national pride to gain power, expand taxes and control War of the Roses b/w nobles and English king Henry Tudor becomes new king (Henry VII) Abolishes nobles’ private armies Lessened taxes on subjects, people happy with rule