BELLWORK Please take out your MAIN foldables from Friday. If you were not here, grab a piece of paper and copy from another student. Please take out your MAIN foldables from Friday. If you were not here, grab a piece of paper and copy from another student. Review: What were the four MAIN causes of WWI? Review: What were the four MAIN causes of WWI?

M ilitarism M ilitarism A lliances A lliances I mperialism I mperialism N ationalism N ationalism

The glorification of the military build-up of sophisticated armies and navies. The glorification of the military build-up of sophisticated armies and navies. Caused mainly by the competition over colonies and protection of those territories. Caused mainly by the competition over colonies and protection of those territories.

Alliance: An agreement between 2 or more countries where each will defend each other if attacked. Alliance: An agreement between 2 or more countries where each will defend each other if attacked. Supposed to be a deterrent for war. Supposed to be a deterrent for war. If you attack me you have to fight them also. If you attack me you have to fight them also.

Great Britain (GB), France, Germany, Russia, & Italy Great Britain (GB), France, Germany, Russia, & Italy All 5 competed over Africa, Asia/India, and the Caribbean/South America. All 5 competed over Africa, Asia/India, and the Caribbean/South America. Disputes over boundaries and natural resources Disputes over boundaries and natural resources Resulted in small conflicts, bitter feelings, and aggressive attitudes. Resulted in small conflicts, bitter feelings, and aggressive attitudes. Made a military build up necessary. Made a military build up necessary. Bottom line: It was all about the Money and the Power! Bottom line: It was all about the Money and the Power!

Pride and devotion towards one’s own Country or Heritage. Pride and devotion towards one’s own Country or Heritage. Competition over money, land, military, resources, etc… thru: Competition over money, land, military, resources, etc… thru: Imperialism Imperialism Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Smaller countries/groups fed off of this growing nationalism to help their causes (gain independence): Smaller countries/groups fed off of this growing nationalism to help their causes (gain independence): Serbia, Austria-Hungary Serbia, Austria-Hungary

Bismarck was fearful of France Bismarck was fearful of France In 1882, Otto von Bismarck from Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary In 1882, Otto von Bismarck from Germany formed an alliance with Austria-Hungary Italy joined in this alliance and it became know as the Triple Alliance. Italy joined in this alliance and it became know as the Triple Alliance. Wilhelm forced Bismarck to resign Wilhelm forced Bismarck to resign

Triple Entente In 1890 France, who was fearful of the Triple Alliance formed an alliance with Russia In 1890 France, who was fearful of the Triple Alliance formed an alliance with Russia 1904 Great Britain also joined to form an alliance known as the Triple Entente Great Britain also joined to form an alliance known as the Triple Entente. Russian also had an alliance with (Serbia). Russian also had an alliance with (Serbia). This split Europe in half. This split Europe in half.

Austria-Hungary (A-H) contained a large number of Slavic people. Austria-Hungary (A-H) contained a large number of Slavic people. These Slavs envisioned an empire of their own. These Slavs envisioned an empire of their own. Serbia supported this and pushed for a Slavic nation called Yugoslavia. Serbia supported this and pushed for a Slavic nation called Yugoslavia. A-H was not willing to split its Empire up. A-H was not willing to split its Empire up.

The Balkans So when A-H annexed, or took over, Bosnia-Herzegovina (from the failing Ottoman Empire) Serbia was outraged So when A-H annexed, or took over, Bosnia-Herzegovina (from the failing Ottoman Empire) Serbia was outraged This further frustrated Serbia, and the Balkan region was close to exploding with tension, creating a “POWDER KEG” This further frustrated Serbia, and the Balkan region was close to exploding with tension, creating a “POWDER KEG”

The Spark! Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife Sophie - heirs to the throne in A-H Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife Sophie - heirs to the throne in A-H Visit to Sarajevo – shot to death: June 28, 1914 Visit to Sarajevo – shot to death: June 28, 1914

The Ultimatum Assassination organized by the “Black Hand” (secret society) – Gavrilo Princip (Serbian) Assassination organized by the “Black Hand” (secret society) – Gavrilo Princip (Serbian) A-H gave Serbia an ultimatum with several conditions (with the support of Germany) A-H gave Serbia an ultimatum with several conditions (with the support of Germany) Serbia did not agree to all of them Serbia did not agree to all of them Austria used this as an excuse to declare war Austria used this as an excuse to declare war

Label with the 4 MAIN causes and the spark that set it off Label with the 4 MAIN causes and the spark that set it off

July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia jumped in to support Serbia Russia jumped in to support Serbia England, Italy, & Germany urged A-H to negotiate with Russia, but it was too late! England, Italy, & Germany urged A-H to negotiate with Russia, but it was too late! All other allies join in. WWI has begun. All other allies join in. WWI has begun.

Russia had to defend Serbia or risk losing the support of the Balkan Region. So it began to Mobilize. Russia had to defend Serbia or risk losing the support of the Balkan Region. So it began to Mobilize. Germany demanded Russia to step down, but Russia knew they had the backing of France. Germany demanded Russia to step down, but Russia knew they had the backing of France. On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia, & 2 days later on France. On August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on Russia, & 2 days later on France. Germany began an offensive against France by going through Belgium (a neutral country). Germany began an offensive against France by going through Belgium (a neutral country). This angered G.B. and on August 4, 1914 they declared war on Germany. This angered G.B. and on August 4, 1914 they declared war on Germany.

BELLWORK Please take out your WWI booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your TWO sheets from the file. Please take out your WWI booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your TWO sheets from the file. You will also need 3-6 colored pencils/highlighters/markers (whatever your preferred medium is) You will also need 3-6 colored pencils/highlighters/markers (whatever your preferred medium is)

Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Called the central powers because of the location of Germany & A-H in Europe Called the central powers because of the location of Germany & A-H in Europe Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy and the U.S. will join later Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, Italy and the U.S. will join later

Created by a German General named Alfred Von Schlieffen in Created by a German General named Alfred Von Schlieffen in Germany knew it faced a two sided war, so Schlieffen created a war plan Germany knew it faced a two sided war, so Schlieffen created a war plan

Schlieffen Plan Germany assumed it would take Russia a long time to mobilize at the start of war, so they planned on attacking France first and reach Paris in 6 weeks. Germany assumed it would take Russia a long time to mobilize at the start of war, so they planned on attacking France first and reach Paris in 6 weeks. After securing France they would turn their attention to Russia. After securing France they would turn their attention to Russia.

1. Germany was too slow. They attacked through a heavily fortified Belgium, slowing the German army. They attacked through a heavily fortified Belgium, slowing the German army. 2. Faced Heavy resistance. From France and G.B. which slowed their advance even more. From France and G.B. which slowed their advance even more. 3. Russia mobilized sooner than expected. Germany had to send divisions to the east, weakening their attack in the west. Germany had to send divisions to the east, weakening their attack in the west. 4. British forces in the north of France. This was an unexpected force Germany had to deal with. This was an unexpected force Germany had to deal with.

Germany’s plan almost succeed and by Sept. 5, 1914 they were 30 miles from Paris. Germany’s plan almost succeed and by Sept. 5, 1914 they were 30 miles from Paris. The Allies attack Germany at the Marne River using every available soldier and every automobile including 600 taxicabs The Allies attack Germany at the Marne River using every available soldier and every automobile including 600 taxicabs After 4 days of fighting, the German generals called for a retreat. After 4 days of fighting, the German generals called for a retreat. Often called the single most important battle of the war*** Often called the single most important battle of the war***

Battle of Verdun: February 1916 German offensive against France. German offensive against France. Lasts more than 6 months. Lasts more than 6 months. Both sides lose more than 300,000 men Both sides lose more than 300,000 men

Battle of the Somme: July – Nov 1916 British launch attack on the German to relieve pressure on the French in the Somme NW of Verdun. British launch attack on the German to relieve pressure on the French in the Somme NW of Verdun. First day more than 20,000 British were killed First day more than 20,000 British were killed Combined losses – 1 million Combined losses – 1 million

BELLWORK Please take out your WWI booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your TWO sheets from the file. Please take out your WWI booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your TWO sheets from the file. Discuss with a neighbor: What do you know about Trench Warfare? Discuss with a neighbor: What do you know about Trench Warfare?

To protect themselves from the new weapons of the world, especially machine guns, the soldiers dug deep trenches. To protect themselves from the new weapons of the world, especially machine guns, the soldiers dug deep trenches. These trenches could be separated by a half mile or just a few yards. These trenches could be separated by a half mile or just a few yards. The area in between the trenches was known as: “No Man’s Land” The area in between the trenches was known as: “No Man’s Land” No-man’s-land was filled with land mines, barbed wire, and anything else to slow an enemy down. No-man’s-land was filled with land mines, barbed wire, and anything else to slow an enemy down.

No Man’s Land

No Man’s Land Cont.

Trench Warfare Cont. Soldiers attacked each other by going “over the top of the trenches” Soldiers attacked each other by going “over the top of the trenches” Once they got out of the trenches they had to run across no-man’s-land Once they got out of the trenches they had to run across no-man’s-land All the while the enemy was cutting them down with machine guns, grenades, artillery, snipers, soldier fire, and in some cases flame throwers. All the while the enemy was cutting them down with machine guns, grenades, artillery, snipers, soldier fire, and in some cases flame throwers.

Rebuilt Trench

Reconnaissance Photo of German Trenches.

French Trench/Injured Soldier

French Trench

Russia was ill-equipped for war Russia was ill-equipped for war Allies had difficulty supplying Russia because Central Powers controlled all water access surrounding Russia Allies had difficulty supplying Russia because Central Powers controlled all water access surrounding Russia After a short success the German and A-H forces pushed them back After a short success the German and A-H forces pushed them back Russia’s greatest asset during the war was the size of its military population. Russia’s greatest asset during the war was the size of its military population. Russia suffered massive losses, and had to leave the war early due to a Communist revolt. Russia suffered massive losses, and had to leave the war early due to a Communist revolt. They signed a peace agreement with Germany in 1917 called “T he Treaty of Brest-Litovsk” They signed a peace agreement with Germany in 1917 called “T he Treaty of Brest-Litovsk”

Both Germany and Great Britain tried to control the sea/Naval Rivalry Both Germany and Great Britain tried to control the sea/Naval Rivalry Great Britain created a blockade of all ports under German control. It was called “The Hunger Blockade”. Great Britain created a blockade of all ports under German control. It was called “The Hunger Blockade”. Germany and its allies had to get their supplies through neutral countries at a very high cost. Germany and its allies had to get their supplies through neutral countries at a very high cost. Germany tried to control the shipping lanes to Great Britain by using U-Boats (submarines). Germany tried to control the shipping lanes to Great Britain by using U-Boats (submarines).

German boats that were mostly submerged and had a “new weapon” … German boats that were mostly submerged and had a “new weapon” … Merchant ships heading to Europe or G.B. were in constant danger of U- Boat attack. Merchant ships heading to Europe or G.B. were in constant danger of U- Boat attack. British strategy: to defeat them, send one merchant ship at a time, so U-boats could not find them. British strategy: to defeat them, send one merchant ship at a time, so U-boats could not find them. This strategy did not work very well. This strategy did not work very well.

U-Boats Germany was the first to use these. Germany was the first to use these. Mainly for sinking Merchant ships. Mainly for sinking Merchant ships. Germany sunk 3 million tons of shipping. Germany sunk 3 million tons of shipping. Over 50% of sailors on U-Boats died. Over 50% of sailors on U-Boats died.

BELLWORK Please take out your WWI booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your TWO sheets from the file. Please take out your WWI booklets from yesterday. Absent? Go grab your TWO sheets from the file. Discuss with a neighbor: What were the new weapons that made their first appearance in WWI? Discuss with a neighbor: What were the new weapons that made their first appearance in WWI?

Flamethrowers Flamethrowers Machine Gun Machine Gun Poison Gas Poison Gas Artillery Artillery Mortars Mortars Airplanes Airplanes Tanks Tanks

Machine Gun The cartridges were inserted into cloth belts and fed into machine guns which could fire 600 – 1,000 cartridges per minute. The cartridges were inserted into cloth belts and fed into machine guns which could fire 600 – 1,000 cartridges per minute. When the enemy would charge in the open, they would be cut down by the hundreds. When the enemy would charge in the open, they would be cut down by the hundreds. major reason for the digging of trenches so that soldiers could escape their deadly hail of fire. major reason for the digging of trenches so that soldiers could escape their deadly hail of fire.

Soldiers were immediately “mowed down” by the machine gun.

Poison Gas 1915: Germany - goal was to kill or incapacitate large numbers of the enemy so that their men could charge unopposed and take the enemy trenches. 1915: Germany - goal was to kill or incapacitate large numbers of the enemy so that their men could charge unopposed and take the enemy trenches. This worked until both sides perfected gas masks that protected them from the gas. This worked until both sides perfected gas masks that protected them from the gas.

Tanks Invented by the British and first used in 1916 Invented by the British and first used in 1916 armed with machine guns and cannons. armed with machine guns and cannons. designed so they could attack the enemy trenches & break the trench lines while being protected from enemy fire. designed so they could attack the enemy trenches & break the trench lines while being protected from enemy fire. Fastest Tanks was 8mph Fastest Tanks was 8mph

Artillery Rapid-fire, breech loading artillery with great range Rapid-fire, breech loading artillery with great range These guns had bores that were as big as fourteen inches across and they fired shells the size of motorcycles These guns had bores that were as big as fourteen inches across and they fired shells the size of motorcycles Their purpose was to smash and kill the enemy before you launched your attack against them Their purpose was to smash and kill the enemy before you launched your attack against them

Heavy Artillery on the Front Lines

Flamethrower A stream of gasoline that was ignited at the muzzle of the flamethrower. A stream of gasoline that was ignited at the muzzle of the flamethrower. This jet of flaming fluid was then sprayed on the enemy to kill or disable him. This jet of flaming fluid was then sprayed on the enemy to kill or disable him. Germans first used this as a shock weapon in 1916 to attempt to shock the Allies out of their trenches. Germans first used this as a shock weapon in 1916 to attempt to shock the Allies out of their trenches.

Flame Thrower

Mortars Mortars were used to lob large shells straight into the air so that they would fall directly into an enemy trench and destroy it. Mortars were used to lob large shells straight into the air so that they would fall directly into an enemy trench and destroy it.

Zeppelins Basically Large Blimps. Basically Large Blimps. Used for Bombing raids. Used for Bombing raids. Precursor to Bombers. Precursor to Bombers.

London After a Zeppelin Attack!

At the beginning of the war two-seater planes were used. At the beginning of the war two-seater planes were used. It was the job of the observer to use a revolver, rifle, or hand grenade against the enemy plane. It was the job of the observer to use a revolver, rifle, or hand grenade against the enemy plane. After single-seater planes were invented with machine guns on the front, a system allowing planes to have forward firing machine guns that were synchronized with the propellers. After single-seater planes were invented with machine guns on the front, a system allowing planes to have forward firing machine guns that were synchronized with the propellers.

Airplanes Originally used for observation to keep a watch on enemy troop movements. Eventually they were armed with machine guns and bombs.

Later in the war, there were large “dog fights” Later in the war, there were large “dog fights” These planes were also used to drop bombs on the enemy from the air. These planes were also used to drop bombs on the enemy from the air.

War in the Skies! Dogfights were air battles fought at close quarters. Dogfights were air battles fought at close quarters. Pilots maneuvered at speed in order to gain a favorable position from which to shoot the enemy. Pilots maneuvered at speed in order to gain a favorable position from which to shoot the enemy.

Flying Was A VERY Dangerous Business!!!!!

Electric Fence!

What was the main goal of most of these weapons? What was the main goal of most of these weapons? What weapon was most responsible for starting trench warfare? What weapon was most responsible for starting trench warfare? What weapon(s) was designed to overcome trench warfare? How did it do this? What weapon(s) was designed to overcome trench warfare? How did it do this? One of these weapons was so cruel in its effects on men that it has not been used in war since. Which one do you think it is? Why? One of these weapons was so cruel in its effects on men that it has not been used in war since. Which one do you think it is? Why? What revolution made all of these weapons possible? Why? What revolution made all of these weapons possible? Why?

Government takes over the economy Government takes over the economy Gov’t told companies what and how much to produce. Gov’t told companies what and how much to produce. Factories forced to produce war materials Factories forced to produce war materials Propaganda used to censor information and create high moral for the war effort. Propaganda used to censor information and create high moral for the war effort. Rationing: limited the civilian supply of goods that were essential to the war. Rationing: limited the civilian supply of goods that were essential to the war. Leather, meat, butter, sugar, metal Leather, meat, butter, sugar, metal Total War

Recruitment of Soldiers Recruitment of Soldiers Financing the war effort through the sale of war bonds. Financing the war effort through the sale of war bonds. Unifying the country behind the war. Unifying the country behind the war. Conservation of resources. Conservation of resources. Participation in home-front organizations to support the war effort. Participation in home-front organizations to support the war effort.

Tools Used In Wartime Propaganda

Demonization Portraying the enemy as purely evil, menacing, murderous and aggressive. Portraying the enemy as purely evil, menacing, murderous and aggressive. It is obvious whom the public should hate as the enemy is portrayed as a beast or the devil himself. It is obvious whom the public should hate as the enemy is portrayed as a beast or the devil himself. Often the enemy is blamed for committing atrocities against women, children or other non-combatants. Often the enemy is blamed for committing atrocities against women, children or other non-combatants.

Emotional Appeals Playing on people’s emotions to promote the war effort. Playing on people’s emotions to promote the war effort. The emotion used most often is fear as that is considered the strongest emotion to compel people to action. The emotion used most often is fear as that is considered the strongest emotion to compel people to action.

Name Calling Using loaded labels to encourage hatred of the enemy. Labels like “Commies,” “Japs”, and “Huns” reinforce negative stereotypes Using loaded labels to encourage hatred of the enemy. Labels like “Commies,” “Japs”, and “Huns” reinforce negative stereotypes

Patriotic Appeals Using patriotic symbols or language to appeal to people’s national pride, for example, the flag, a Uncle Sam, etc… Using patriotic symbols or language to appeal to people’s national pride, for example, the flag, a Uncle Sam, etc…

Half-Truths or Lies Deception or twisting the truth. Deception or twisting the truth. Some element of truth may be included to make an argument more persuasive and believable. Some element of truth may be included to make an argument more persuasive and believable.

Catchy Slogans Using memorable phrases to foster support for the war effort. Using memorable phrases to foster support for the war effort. For example, short phrases like “Remember the Alamo!” have been very successful in motivating Americans to strongly support the use of arms. For example, short phrases like “Remember the Alamo!” have been very successful in motivating Americans to strongly support the use of arms.

Evocative Visual Symbols Using symbols that appeal to people’s emotions – like statues, mothers and children, a wounded soldier, - to promote the war effort. Using symbols that appeal to people’s emotions – like statues, mothers and children, a wounded soldier, - to promote the war effort.

Humor or Caricatures Capturing the viewer’s attention through the use of humor to promote the war effort. Capturing the viewer’s attention through the use of humor to promote the war effort. The enemy is almost always the butt of the jokes used by propagandists. The enemy is almost always the butt of the jokes used by propagandists.

Now that you have looked at several examples of wartime propaganda – you can make your own poster for your project. This can be counted as an “artifact”! Just follow the directions on the following slide!

Propaganda Poster Use at least 1 wartime propaganda objective and 3 tools in your poster. Use at least 1 wartime propaganda objective and 3 tools in your poster. Your poster should reflect the time period of WWI and be from a European country Your poster should reflect the time period of WWI and be from a European country It needs to be your own creation – hand drawn, or you may use clip art and the internet. It needs to be your own creation – hand drawn, or you may use clip art and the internet. Your poster must be colorful and creative. Your poster must be colorful and creative.

Women began to work in industries that were previously only held by men (munitions, weapons, plowed fields, etc…) Women began to work in industries that were previously only held by men (munitions, weapons, plowed fields, etc…) Women left their jobs once the war was over, but it was an important show of the capabilities of the so- called “weaker” sex. Women left their jobs once the war was over, but it was an important show of the capabilities of the so- called “weaker” sex.

America was divided about the conflict. America was divided about the conflict. Irish and German Americans favored the Central Powers Irish and German Americans favored the Central Powers English and Scottish Americans favored the Allies English and Scottish Americans favored the Allies Majority of Americans felt it was a European conflict and they had no business in it. Majority of Americans felt it was a European conflict and they had no business in it. Remain neutral Remain neutral President Woodrow Wilson was reelected using the slogan: President Woodrow Wilson was reelected using the slogan: “He kept us out of War” “He kept us out of War”

1. Sinking of the Lusitania in Americans died angering the public. 128 Americans died angering the public. 2. February 1, 1917, Germany announced a plan of unrestricted submarine warfare on any merchant ships heading to Europe or Great Britain. U.S. then broke of all diplomatic relations with Germany. U.S. then broke of all diplomatic relations with Germany. 3. March 1917, The Zimmerman Telegram A telegram sent by Germany that was intercepted by G.B and passed to the U.S. A telegram sent by Germany that was intercepted by G.B and passed to the U.S. Telegram asked Mexico to support Germany in exchange for German support in getting New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back from the U.S. Telegram asked Mexico to support Germany in exchange for German support in getting New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back from the U.S.

4. Finally the last straw was the sinking of 4 U.S. merchant ships by German U-Boats. On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany

The U.S. Began sending a number of merchant ships together (10-15). The U.S. Began sending a number of merchant ships together (10-15). The ships were then surrounded by a number of navy ships The ships were then surrounded by a number of navy ships This was a great target for U-Boats, but the risk was extremely great. This was a great target for U-Boats, but the risk was extremely great. If a U-Boat shot at a convoy a Destroyer would break off and destroy the U-Boat. If a U-Boat shot at a convoy a Destroyer would break off and destroy the U-Boat. With this system the Allies began to turn the tide of the war. With this system the Allies began to turn the tide of the war.

Even though the U.S. entered late they were the deciding factor in the war. U.S. gave: Financial assistance Financial assistance Military equipment Military equipment Navy gave support and new strategies Navy gave support and new strategies fresh troops fresh troops only in the war for 18 months. only in the war for 18 months.

In July 1918, the Allies finally broke through the German Lines. In July 1918, the Allies finally broke through the German Lines. It took another three months for Germany to surrender. It took another three months for Germany to surrender. On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice. On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice. Other Central Powers fell before Germany surrendered. Other Central Powers fell before Germany surrendered. A-H was defeated by Italy A-H was defeated by Italy

673 ships lost 22 countries involved $186,333,637,000 spent on the war 8,538,315 deaths!

The Paris Peace Conference The Treaty of Versailles January 1919 Delegates from 27 nations gathered in Paris to work out 5 separate peace treaties Delegates from 27 nations gathered in Paris to work out 5 separate peace treaties

The Big Four Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) David LloydGeorge (G.B.) David LloydGeorge (G.B.) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Georges Clemenceau (France) Georges Clemenceau (France) These four made most of the decisions. These four made most of the decisions.

WilsonLloyd George OrlandoClemenceau

Leaders of Great Britain, Italy and France all wanted to punish Germany for the war. Blamed Germany for the war and saw them as the main aggressor. Blamed Germany for the war and saw them as the main aggressor. They wanted to seek revenge against Germany and make sure Germany could never again be an aggressor nation in Europe. They wanted to seek revenge against Germany and make sure Germany could never again be an aggressor nation in Europe.

Wilson on the other hand wanted a peaceful settlement where no country would be punished. Wilson on the other hand wanted a peaceful settlement where no country would be punished. He felt if you punish a country it would create resentment and another world war could happen. He felt if you punish a country it would create resentment and another world war could happen.

Fourteen Points Wilson came with a 14-point plan. Called for the creation of the “League of Nations” Called for the creation of the “League of Nations” Called for self-determination for newly formed or freed countries Called for self-determination for newly formed or freed countries Free trade and no secret treaties Free trade and no secret treaties (Most of Wilson’s points were ignored or just used as bargaining tools)

Treaty that ended WWI led to WWII Treaty that ended WWI led to WWII Germany had to pay war debt ($33 Billion) Germany had to pay war debt ($33 Billion) Germany stripped of colonies. Germany stripped of colonies. Germany lost military. Germany lost military. Germany lost land and mostly its most productive (money earning) land. Germany lost land and mostly its most productive (money earning) land.

League of Nations Precursor to the United Nations. Precursor to the United Nations. All nations would come together to work out their problems. All nations would come together to work out their problems. If a country took matters into their own hands, the League would step in. If a country took matters into their own hands, the League would step in. America never signed the Treaty of Versailles because it feared it would get dragged into another world war. America never signed the Treaty of Versailles because it feared it would get dragged into another world war.

In the end most of Europe was not happy with the treaties. In the end most of Europe was not happy with the treaties. People found themselves in a new country where they did not want to be. People found themselves in a new country where they did not want to be. Huge amounts of territory lost Huge amounts of territory lost Germany collapsed into financial ruin Germany collapsed into financial ruin Total war costs: Billions Total war costs: Billions Bitter feelings and the economic devastation faced by Germany left the possibility of another world war. Bitter feelings and the economic devastation faced by Germany left the possibility of another world war.

Boundary Changes and the End of Empires In Europe country lines were re-drawn. In Europe country lines were re-drawn. An independent Poland was created from Germany, A-H, and Russia. An independent Poland was created from Germany, A-H, and Russia. A-H was broken up and left a small weak country. A-H was broken up and left a small weak country. New Nations were created in eastern Europe creating buffer states between Russia and Germany. New Nations were created in eastern Europe creating buffer states between Russia and Germany. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Middle East: Ottoman Empire ends - the Arab states were not given their independence as promised by the Allies Middle East: Ottoman Empire ends - the Arab states were not given their independence as promised by the Allies

Name 5 countries that were created at the end of World War I:

List 4 countries created out of the Ottoman Empire: