Psychology Unit 1 Review

Psychology The scientific study of human thought processes and behavior It is a diverse field that examines issues from several different perspectives

Goals of Psychology Describe, predict, explain, and control behavior

Empirical Science A science in which assumptions are supported by evidence

Satisfactory Theory A theory that helps predict behavior

Clinical or Counseling Psychologist Help people with psychological problems adjust to the demands of life (ex: anxiety, depression, etc…)

School psychologist Are experts in problems with teaching and learning Typically work in school districts, where they diagnose learning and behavior problems by consulting with teachers, students, and parents.

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist Specialize in modifying the work environment to maximize productivity May work with developing interviewing and testing procedures, developing training programs, market research, etc…

Rehabilitation psychologists Work with physicians, nurses, counselors, and social workers on teams. Deal with individuals with both physical and mental disorders (stroke, spinal cord injury, alcohol/drug abuse, amputation)

Sports psychologists Work with athletes to help maximize their performance Work with enhancing motivation, controlling emotions under pressure, and planning practice sessions

Engineering Psychologists Work at the interface between people and equipment (machines) May design devices for easy and reliable human use, or try and detect what went wrong with a piece of equipment (human error)

Psychology v. Psychiatry Psychiatry- Is a medical specialty, hold MD (Doctor of medicine) degrees and have specialized training in the treatment of mental and behavioral problems. Psychology- work in a much broader field, ecompassing many different specialties. Most have nothing to do with the diagnosing and treating of mental disorders.

Sigmund Freud Founder of the school of psychoanalysis

Nature Heredity Biological makeup

Nurture Environment

Pseudopsychology phony, unscientific psychology masquerading as the real thing Examples: supernatural influences, astrology, graphology, fortune telling

Confirmation Bias The tendency to attend to evidence that compliments and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not. Ex: Facilitated communication

Experimental psychology Does basic research on psychological processes

Teaching psychologists Psychologists whose primary job is teaching typically at high schools, colleges, or universities

Applied psychologists Psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems.

Wilhelm Wundt Credited with the “birth of psychology”

Plato First philosopher credited with studying how humans gain knowledge

Aristotle Developed theories about sensation and perception, memory, cognition, problem- solving, and ethics.

Yoga and Buddhism Studied consciousness through meditation

African spiritual beliefs Explained mental illness and personality

Structuralism The mind consists of three basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images- which combine to form experience Introspection: Reporting one’s own conscious experience

Functionalism Emphasizes use or function of the mind rather than elements of experience Experiences permit us to function and adapt to our environments

Gestalt Psychology Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns. Perception and understanding

Biological View Behavior is determined by brain structure and chemicals, and by inborn responses to external cues for survival and reproduction.

Developmental View Behavior is determined by the interaction of nature and nurture

Cognitive View Cognitions=thoughts Behavior is a result of mental interpretations of our experience Concerned with our mental representations of the world

Psychodynamic View Sees behavior as arising from unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and childhood experiences.

Humanistic View Focuses on self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on the need for personal growth

Behavioral View Focuses on observable actions Believes we respond to stimulus cues and to our history of rewards and punishments

Sociocultural view Sees behavior as heavily influenced by culture, by social norms and expectations, and by social learning

Evolutionary/Sociobiological View Sees behavior as determined by natural selection

Trait View Behavior results from each person’s unique combination of traits

The Scientific Method 1.Formulate a question 2.Hypothesis 3.Test Hypothesis 4.Analyze Results

Naturalistic Observation Method A scientific method that observes organisms in their natural environments Use unobtrusive, or non-interfering measures

The Survey Method A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people is questioned about their attitudes and behaviors. -questionnaires -interviews -examine public records

Blind Experiments Subject unaware if he or she has received or not received treatment

Double Blind Experiments Neither the subjects nor the persons measuring the results knows who received the treatment

What to Study All notes Reading from pages 1 to 23

Stump the Chump

HOW TO PLAY 1 CHUMP (no study guide, ALL OR NOTHING POINTS) THE AUDIENCE TRIES TO STUMP THE CHUMP (audience may use study guide) If the chump gets 4 questions correct, the chump becomes a scholar (also receives 4 bonus points) If an audience member stumps the chump, they get 1 bonus point, the chump sits down, and that individual remains at chump status

READY TO PLAY?

CHUMP LEVEL 1

CHUMP LEVEL 2

CHUMP LEVEL 3

CHUMP LEVEL 4