What does it mean to be “Living”? 1.Organization – Each organisms has a highly sophisticated network of function performing structures 2.Energy/Metabolism – All living organisms depend upon energy for survival, functions, and reproduction 3.Growth and Development – All living organisms grow and develop, at different rates, throughout their lifetime 4.Respond & Adaptation – Ensures survival of species in their separate environments 5.Reproduce – All organisms procreate to ensure survival of their species 6.Heredity – Passing of traits to offspring with the possibility of changing over time ~~~EVOLUTION 7.Homeostasis – All organisms must maintain a stable internal environment while the external environment changes constantly

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Moneran Facts Unicellular Prokaryotic Most abundant All Life has evolved from Monerans No Nucleus Contains Ribsomes Smallest Biodiversity

Importance?

Bacteria Anatomy Cell Wall Flagella – Movement Ribosomes – Protein Synthesis Pili – Reproduction Plasmids – Circular DNA Chromosomes

Moneran Identification Cell Shape –D–Different strains = Different diseases Cell Wall Composition –Gram Positive/Negative Based On Cell Wall Permeability Tells which bacteria will resist antibiotics more Respiration –Anaerobic – can exist without oxygen –Aerobic – cannot exist without oxygen

Can undergo Conjugation –P–Process of exchanging genetic information through cell to cell contact –A–Attached by Pili, which bridges cytoplasm from cell to cell, thus DNA is transferred. –M–May enhance survival: Mutates to resist antibiotics Adaptations

Life Cycle Binary Fission Process where the chromosomes of a unicellular organism are replicated until the cell divides into two identical cells

Energy Source Factors Which Influence Growth Temperature –Thermophiles (80-110°C) –Mesophiles (20-50 °C) –Psychrophiles (-5-20 °C) Oxygen pH

Shaped as Spheres Occurs in strains –Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia –Streptococcus pyogenes Strepth throat –Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome Cocci bacteria

Bacilli Bacteria Rod Shaped –Bacillus cereus Food poisoning –Lactobacillus bulgaricus Yogurt Production Bacilli Bacteria

Sparilla Bacteria Spirilla Bacteria

Kingdom Protista Characteristics Unicellular & Multicellular Eukaryotic = Nucleus & Organelles Large Amount of Biodiversity Asexual Reproduction - Budding, Binary Fission, Fragmentation Classified on Energy Attainment Sexual Reproduction ~ Gametes

Classification Animal-Like Protists - Decomposers Plant-Like Protists - Photosynthetic Fungus-Like Protists - Absorb Nutrients from Earth

Animal-Like Protists Protozoans “First Animals” Heterotrophic Unicellular Classified into four (4) groups based upon movement –Sarcodinians –Zooflagellates –Ciliophorans –Sporozoans

Sarcodinians Movement via cytoplasm Amoeba

Zooflagellates Movement via Flagella

Ciliophorans Movement via Cilia

Sporozoans DO NOT Move

Plant-Like Protists Autotrophic Habitats – Water & Soil Photosynthetic Multi & Unicellular Chloroplasts Classified by Pigment Color

Plant-Like Protists The plant-like protists are divided into four basic groups: Euglenoids Dinoflagellates Diatoms Algae

Fungus-Like Protists Classified by body form Fungus-like Protists are Heterotrophs with cell walls. They also reproduce by forming spores All fungus-like Protists are able to move at some point in their lives

There are essentially three types of fungus like Protists: water molds downy mildews slime molds

Great Potato Famine “Late Blight”

Protists in the Biosphere Benefits – Medicine ~ Antibiotics – Aquatic food (energy source) ~ Plankton – Human Uses Food Production (Seaweed Extract) Household Products (cleaners, detergents, filters) – Predators of bacteria – Decomposers - recycle chemicals in environment – Photosynthesis 70% Oxygen from Algae

Protists in the Biosphere Malaria Chagas Disease Amebiasis Toxoplasmosis

Why Important to Study? Decomposition of plants and animals Nutrient recycling Plant symbiants, Plant pathogens Some animal disease Lichens Rot of military equipment Food spoilage Psychoactive compounds Ergot: purple sac of ascomycete on rye; poisoned many people; “Salem witch trials?” Alcoholic beverages Bread

General Information Can be Unicellular (yeast) or Multicellular (mushroom) Eukaryotic = Nucleus Characterized By: – Having chitin in their cell walls. The hard shells of insects are also made of chitin – Not being able to move during any stage of their life cycle (Non-sessile) – Lacking chlorophyll (No Photosynthesis) – Being larger than bacteria – Cell Division Asexual (Mitosis) / Sexual (Meiosis)

Fungal Structures Hyphae ~ Tubules containing cytoplasm and nuclei – Living, growing parts of fungi – Grow Quickly Mycelium~ mass of interwoven hyphae that comprises the entire structure of fungi

Nutrition All Fungi are Heterotrophs Sessile - therefore nutrients must be transported into the fungi Fungi absorbs nutrients through digestive enzymes – Saprophytes – absorb nutrients from dead organisms (decomposer) Mutualism Symbiosis – Parasites – Absorb nutrients from living host (diseases) Parasitism Symbiosis

Diversity Not Classified as plants due to: – Difference cell wall composition – Plants = Autotroph Four types of fungal classification based on reproduction – Sac Fungi – Club Fungi – Imperfect Fungi (Asexual reproduction) – Common Molds

Diversity Sac Fungi ~ Sac FungiSac Fungi Club Fungi ~ Club FungiClub Fungi Common Molds ~ Common MoldsCommon Molds Imperfect Fungi ~ Imperfect FungiImperfect Fungi

Ecological Roles Decomposers Symbiosis – Mutualistic – Parasitic Food Source – Mushrooms

Fungal Diseases Athletes Foot Dutch Elm Disease – parasitic decomposer that destroys elm trees Ringworm – Dogs, wrestlers

Human Uses Human uses: – Food Production wine/beer/cheese ~ fermentation Yeast for bread production – Antibiotics Penicillin – Attacks bacteria – Drugs, including hallucinogens (Shrooms)

Why Important? Photosynthesis –Formula Greenhouse Effect Food Temperature Variation –Shade Industry –Use of Cellulose Habitats Medicine –Aloe Vera –Garlic –Camomile Medicinal Plant Uses

Plant Structure Similarities Photosynthesis Green Have flowers Stationary Woody stems Autotrophs Multicellular Eukaryotic Differences Leaves Stems Roots Flowers Seeds

Increase surface area for Photosynthesis Gas exchange –CO 2 in –O 2 out Site of transpiration, evaporation of water that helps pull water up from roots Leaves

Leaf Characteristics Blade – Photosynthetic Cells Petiole – Connects leaf to stem Veins – Carry water, nutrients, and sugars through the blades Axillary Bud – Baby leaf or stem (next years growth). Node – Growth region of stem where leaves or new branches arise.

Leaf Classification Simple Leaf –One Blade Compound Leaf –Blade has two or more leaflets

Leaf Classification Classification of Compound Leaves Palmately Compound – Leaves radiate from central point Pinnately Compound – Leaves branch off of central midrib

Leaf Classification

Stems Stems have two purposes –Support leafs and flowers –transport of water and nutrients Classified into four (4) categories –Herbaceous –Shrub –Vine –Tree

Roots Taproot –Large and fleshy in appearance, –Grow deep into the ground to search for food –Mostly found in plants with two seed-leaves (dicots) Fibrous Root –Close to the surface of the soil –Mostly found in plants with one seed-leaf (monocots) Adventitious Root –Develop to help the plant climb: for example, ivy –Help develop modified underground stems, such as bulbs –Common in both dicots and monocots

Flowers, Seeds, and Fruits Flower –reproductive organ of a flower Pollination –Process of transporting pollen from male to female flower parts Animal Airborne Synthetic Seed –Reproductive structure consisting of a plant embryo and its stored food Fruit –House and protect the seeds Peaches, apples, tomatoes

Flower Anatomy

Male parts (Stamen) – Anther – Produces pollen – Filament – Supports the anther Female Parts (Pistil) – Stigma – Pollen lands and germinates – Style – connection point – Ovary – structure that develops into a fruit which houses the seeds

Plant Tissues Three (3) Types –Dermal Tissue Surface tissue, covers outermost portions of plant –Vascular Tissue Xylem - transports water and minerals in a plant Phloem - transports sugars through plant –Ground Tissue Stores nutrients

Xylem - vascular tissue that carried water upward in plants - Water always moves from roots to stems to leaves Transpiration - pulls water up from roots due to cohesion of water molecules Phloem - vascular tissue that carried dissolved sugars all directions in a plant Pressure-Flow Hypothesis - Proposes that water containing food molecules flows under pressure through the phloem. The pressure is created by the difference in water concentration of the solution in the phloem and the relatively pure water in the nearby xylem ducts. At their "source" - the leaves - sugars are pumped by active transport into the phloem. As sugars accumulate in the phloem, water enters by osmosis.

Transport in Plants Turgor Pressure – rigidity of a cell wall caused by the osmotic pressure of the cell’s membrane on the cell’s wall Central Vacuole full = high turgor pressure Central Vacuole Low = low turgor pressure

Pressure-Flow Hypothesis Proposes that water containing food molecules flows under pressure through the phloem. The pressure is created by the difference in water concentration of the solution in the phloem and the relatively pure water in the nearby xylem ducts. At their "source" - the leaves - sugars are pumped by active transport into the phloem. As sugars accumulate in the phloem, water enters by osmosis.

Plant Diversity Diversity shown through – Size – Woodiness – Reproduction – Life Span Wolffia Plants

Plant Size Plant size depends on the presence of vascular tissue Vascular –Presence of vascular tissues –All trees, vines, and flowering plants Nonvascular –Mosses –Typically smaller than vascular plants

Plant Reproduction Angiosperms –vascular plant that produces seeds enclosed by a fruit –Apples, grapes, tomatoes Gymnosperms –Vascular plant that produces seeds enclosed by cones –Acorns, walnuts, pine

Plant Life Span Annual –Plant that lives, reproduces, and dies in one growing season Most vegetables Biennial –Life cycle is complete in two (2) years Pansies, carrots, beets Perennial –Herbaceous or woody plant that continues to grow year after year (Trees)

The End!