12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction

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12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction CONTENTS 12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction 12-2 Using who and that in adjective ... 12-3 Using object pronouns in adjective ... 12-4 Using pronouns in adjective clauses… 12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective … 12-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses 12-7 Using whose in adjective clauses

I have a terrific friend 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION I have a terrific friend who is very kind.

(a) I have a terrific friend. 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION adjective + noun 11-10 CPITALIZATION (a) I have a terrific friend. adjective + noun (b) I have a thoughtful friend. adjective modifies noun

(a) I have a terrific friend. 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION adjective + noun 11-10 CPITALIZATION (a) I have a terrific friend. adjective + noun (b) I have a thoughtful friend. adjective noun (usually)

noun + adjective clause (c) I have a friend who is always cheerful. 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION noun + adjective clause 11-10 CPITALIZATION (c) I have a friend who is always cheerful. noun + adjective clause 11-10 CPITALIZATION (d) I have a friend who is a doctor. noun + adjective clause 11-10 CPITALIZATION (e) I have a friend who lives next door. adjective clause modifies noun

noun + adjective clause (c) I have a friend who is always cheerful. 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION noun + adjective clause 11-10 CPITALIZATION (c) I have a friend who is always cheerful. noun + adjective clause 11-10 CPITALIZATION (d) I have a friend who is a doctor. noun + adjective clause 11-10 CPITALIZATION (e) I have a friend who lives next door. noun adjective clause

The boy who is dirty is very happy. 12-2 USING WHO AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES The boy who is dirty is very happy.

who he (a) The boy is dirty. He is very happy. 12-2 USING WHO AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) The boy is dirty. He is very happy. (b) The boy is very happy. who is dirty he = subject pronoun who = subject pronoun who he adjective clause

(d) The child is very happy. that is messy 12-2 USING WHO AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (c) The child is messy. He is very happy. (d) The child is very happy. that is messy that = subject pronoun Can replace who

(a) The boy who is dirty is very happy. 12-2 USING WHO AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) The boy who is dirty is very happy. (d) The child is very happy. that is messy adjective clause comes after the noun INCORRECT: The child is very happy that is messy.

two sentences one sentence 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE who two sentences one sentence Jonah is in my English class. He is an excellent student. Jonah who is an excellent student is in my English class.

two sentences one sentence 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE that two sentences one sentence The woman is Mariko. She is an artist. The woman __________________ ____________________________. that is an artist is Mariko

The woman that I spoke to 12-3 USING OBJECT PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE The woman that I spoke to is a doctor.

O that O S V (a) The woman is a doctor. I spoke to her. S V 12-3 USING OBJECT PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE S V O (a) The woman is a doctor. I spoke to her. that O S V (b) The woman that I spoke to is a doctor. To make an adjective clause her = object pronoun Change her to that Switch the order

O O S V (a) The woman is a doctor. I spoke to her. that 12-3 USING OBJECT PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE S V O (a) The woman is a doctor. I spoke to her. that (c) The woman Ø I spoke to is a doctor. O S V (b) The woman that I spoke to is a doctor. OK to delete object pronoun 15

O who whom O her S V (d) The woman is a doctor. I spoke to her. S V 12-3 USING OBJECT PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE S V O (d) The woman is a doctor. I spoke to her. who whom O S V (e) The woman who I spoke to is a doctor. (f) The woman whom I spoke to is a doctor. her who whom 16

common in speaking and writing 12-3 USING OBJECT PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE (b) The woman that I spoke to is a doctor. (c) The woman Ø I spoke to is a doctor. (e) The woman who I spoke to is a doctor. (f) The woman whom I spoke to is a doctor. common in speaking and writing that, Ø, who whom very formal writing ONLY 17

? The people that I met last night were really funny. CORRECT OR 12-2, 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE ? CORRECT OR INCORRECT The people that I met last night were really funny.

? The man fixed my car was friendly. CORRECT OR INCORRECT 12-2, 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE ? CORRECT OR INCORRECT The man fixed my car was friendly. Animation is off.

? The woman that is reading is my sister. CORRECT OR INCORRECT 12-2, 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE ? CORRECT OR INCORRECT The woman that is reading is my sister. Animation is off

The tools that are in my pocket are new. 12-4 USING PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE THINGS The tools that are in my pocket are new.

(a) The tools are new. They are in my pocket. s v 12-4 USING PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE THINGS s v (a) The tools are new. They are in my pocket. s v (b) The tools that are in my pocket are new. s v (c) The tools which are in my pocket are new. that people, things which things Who, whom people

(a) The tools are new. They are in my pocket. 12-4 USING PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE THINGS (a) The tools are new. They are in my pocket. (b) The tools that are in my pocket are new. (c) The tools which are in my pocket are new. INCORRECT: The tools are in my pocket are new.

(d) The old car needs work. I drive it. o s v 12-4 USING PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE THINGS s v o (d) The old car needs work. I drive it. o s v (e) The old car which I drive needs work. o s v (f) The old car that I drive needs work. s v (g) The old car Ø I drive needs work. which, that object in adjective clause

(d) The old car needs work. I drive it. 12-4 USING PRONOUNS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO DESCRIBE THINGS (d) The old car needs work. I drive it. (e) The old car which I drive needs work. same meaning (f) The old car that I drive needs work. same meaning (g) The old car Ø I drive needs work.

two sentences one sentence 12-4 LET’S PRACTICE which two sentences one sentence We played a game. It was fun. The game which we played was fun.

two sentences one sentence 12-4 LET’S PRACTICE that two sentences one sentence Where is the store? It sells great vegetables. Where is _____________________________? the store that sells great vegetables

I have a friend who is a wonderful gardener. 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES I have a friend who is a wonderful gardener.

(a) I have a friend who is a wonderful gardener. 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) I have a friend who is a wonderful gardener. singular noun singular verb

(b) I have friends who are wonderful gardeners. 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (b) I have friends who are wonderful gardeners. plural noun plural verb

People who travel to other countries ___ required to have a passport. 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE is are People who travel to other countries ___ required to have a passport. are

A set of twins that ___ not identical ___ called fraternal. is is 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE is are A set of twins that ___ not identical ___ called fraternal. is is

There are many people in Europe who ______ more than one language. 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE speak speaks There are many people in Europe who ______ more than one language. speak

The new student that I talked to was excited to be in college. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES The new student that I talked to was excited to be in college.

(a) The teacher is friendly. I talked to her. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES PREP OBJ (a) The teacher is friendly. I talked to her. OBJ PREP (c) The teacher that I talked to is friendly. (d) The teacher Ø I talked to is friendly. (b) The teacher whom I talked to is friendly.

(e) The teacher to whom I talked is friendly. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES FORMAL ENGLISH MUST have pronoun PREP Obj. (e) The teacher to whom I talked is friendly. preposition + whom + adjective clause which

(f) The paper is long. I am working on it. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES PREP OBJ (f) The paper is long. I am working on it. OBJ PREP (h) The paper that I am working on is long. (i) The paper Ø I am working on is long. (g) The paper which I am working on is long.

(j) The paper on which I am working is long. 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES FORMAL ENGLISH MUST have pronoun PREP OBJ (j) The paper on which I am working is long. preposition + whom + adjective clause which

two sentences one sentence 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE which two sentences one sentence We went to a game. It was boring. The game which we went to was boring.

two sentences one sentence 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE Ø two sentences one sentence We went to a game. It was boring. The game Ø we went to was boring.

that The sculpture museum was interesting. We went to it. 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE The sculpture museum was interesting. We went to it. that The sculpture museum that we went to was interesting.

The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast.

(a) The boy has a cast. His wrist is broken. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) The boy has a cast. His wrist is broken.

(b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) The boy has a cast. His wrist is broken. whose wrist (b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast. whose possession

(b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (a) The boy has a cast. His wrist is broken. whose wrist (b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast. adjective clause

(d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (c) I have a friend. Her mother is a doctor. whose mother (d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor.

(d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (c) I have a friend. Her mother is a doctor. whose mother (d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor. adjective clause

(e) The family was moving. I bought their car. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (e) The family was moving. I bought their car.

(e) The family was moving. I bought their car. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (e) The family was moving. I bought their car. whose car (f) The family whose car I bought was moving.

(c) The family is moving. I bought their car. 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (c) The family is moving. I bought their car. whose car (d) The family whose car I bought was moving. adjective clause

who whose This is my friend Ichiro. His sister is a famous scientist. 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE who whose This is my friend Ichiro. His sister is a famous scientist. This is my friend Ichiro whose sister is a famous scientist.

who whose I go to a great doctor. She is very busy. 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE who whose I go to a great doctor. She is very busy. I go to a great doctor who is very busy.

who whose I go to a busy doctor. Her patients often have to wait 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE who whose I go to a busy doctor. Her patients often have to wait in line. I go to a busy doctor whose patients often have to wait in line.

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