1. RELATIVE CLAUSE BY : PEPI FIDIA, S.Pd

2. RELATIVE CLAUSE : a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. It is also called Adjective clause.

3. USING SUBJECT PRONOUN : WHO, THAT ( PERSON ) I thanked the man. He helped me. a. I thanked the man who helped me. b. I thanked the man that helped me. Note : a and b have the same meaning

4. USING SUBJECT PRONOUN : WHO, THAT ( PERSON ) I saw the man. He closed the door. a. I saw the man who closed the door. b. I saw the man that closed the door. Note : a and b have the same meaning

5. USING SUBJECT PRONOUN : WHICH, THAT ( THING ) The book is mine It is on the table a. The book which is on the table is mine. b. The book that is on the table is mine. Note : a and b have the same meaning

6. USING SUBJECT PRONOUN : WHICH, THAT ( THING ) We are studying sentences. They contain relative clauses. a. We are studying sentences which contain relative clauses. b. We are studying sentences that contain relative clauses. Note : a and b have the same meaning

7. EXAMPLES : The taxi driver who / that took me to the airport was friendly. The woman who / that shouted at me was angry. Only people who / that know computers will succeed in the modern world. A river which / that is polluted is not safe for swimming. Tom got into the car which / that was parked in front of the house.

8. USING OBJECT PRONOUN : WHO(M), THAT, Ø ( PERSON ) I liked the man. I met him at the party. a.I liked the man who(m ) I met at the party. b.I liked the man that I met at the party. c.I liked the man ø I met at the party. Note : a, b, and c have the same meaning

9. USING OBJECT PRONOUN : WHICH, THAT, Ø ( THING ) The book was good. I read it. a.The book which I read was good. b.The book that I read was good. c.The book ø I read was good. Note : a, b, and c have the same meaning

10. EXAMPLES : The people who(m) / that / Ø we visited yesterday were very nice. The little girl who(m) / that / Ø I helped was Fenny. The movie which / that / Ø we saw last night wasn’t very good. I liked the composition which / that / Ø you wrote.

11. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ( PERSON ) She is the woman. I told you about her. a.She is the woman about whom I told you. b.She is the woman who(m) I told you about. c.She is the woman that I told you about. d.She is the woman Ø I told you about. Note : a, b, c, and d have the same meaning

12. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ( PERSON ) The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday. a.The man to whom I talked yesterday was very kind. b.The man who(m) I talked to yesterday was very kind. c.The man that I talked to yesterday was very kind. d.The man Ø I talked to yesterday was very kind. Note : a, b, c, and d have the same meaning

13. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ( THING ) The music is good. We are listening to it. a.The music to which we are listening is good. b.The music which we are listening to is good. c.The music that we are listening to is good. d.The music Ø we are listening to is good, Note : a, b, c, and d have the same meaning

14. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ( THING ) The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it. a.The picture at which she was looking was beautiful. b.The picture which she was looking at was beautiful. c.The piicture that she was looking at was beautiful. d.The music Ø she was looking at was beautiful. Note : a, b, c, and d have the same meaning

15. USING WHOSE : ( to show possession ) The man is my father. I respect most his opinions. The man whose opinions I respect most is my father.

16. USING WHOSE : ( to show possession ) I know the little boy. His bike was stolen. I know the little boy whose bike was stolen.

17. USING WHERE : ( place : city, country, room, house, etc) The building is very old. He lives in that building. a.The building where he lives is very old. b.The building in which he lives is very old. c.The building which he lives in is very old. d.The building that he lives in is very old. e.The building Ø he lives in is very old. Note: a,b,c,d and e have the same meaning.

18. USING WHEN : ( time : year, day, time, century, etc) I’ll never forget the day. I met you on that day. a.I’ll never forget the day when I met you. b.I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. c.I’ll never forget the day that I met you. d.I’ll never forget the day Ø I met you. Note: a,b,c, and d have the same meaning.

19. PUNCTUATION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES Don’t use comma if the relative clause is necessary to identify the noun that it modifies ( restrictive / essential ) Use comma if the relative clause just gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun that it modifies ( nonrestrictive/nonessential )

20. PUNCTUATION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES Use comma if the relative clause modifies a proper noun ( name ) A proper noun begins with a capital letter, not a small letter. A comma reflects a pause in speech ( nonrestrictive/nonessential ).

21. RESTRICTIVE AND NON RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES The woman who teaches us English is an excellent teacher. ( necessary to identify which woman is meant ) Ms Julie, who teaches us English, is an excellent teacher. ( not necessary to identify who Ms Julie is. We already know who she is: she has a name )

22. RESTRICTIVE AND NON RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot. Allan and Jackie, who didn’t come to class yesterday, explained their absence to the teacher. ( not necessary, Hawaii, Allan, and Jackie are proper nouns )

23. DIFFERENT MEANING : We took some children on a picnic. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. ( means : all of the children wanted to play soccer ) We took some children on a picnic. The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The others played a different game. ( means : only some of the children wanted to play soccer )

24. DIFFERENT MEANING : There was a terrible flood. The villagers who had received a warning of the flood escaped to safety. ( means : only some of the villagers had been warned; only some escaped ) There was a terrible flood. The villagers, who had received a warning of the flood, escaped to safety. ( means : all of the villagers had been warned; all escaped )

25. EXERCISE : Join the sentences on the left with those on the right using who or which 1. Do you know a shop? 2. I know somebody. 3. I want some plates. 4. I was at school with the man. 5. I’d like to speak to the person. 6. She’s got friendly with a boy. 7. The police haven’t found the man. 8. There’s some cheese in the fridge. 9. We’ve got some light bulbs. 10. This is the switch. a.He lives next door. b.He stole my car. c.He/She deals with exports. d.It isn’t working. e.It needs to be eaten. f.It sells good coffee. g.They last for years. h.She could mend that chair. i.They can go in the microwave. j.He is driving that taxi. www.kwary.net

26. THANK YOU