1. The Clause Mrs. Robilotto 9 CP

2. Definition THE CLAUSE A group of related words that is used as part of a sentence Contains a verb and its subject Can be a complete thought; does not have to be Example: because English is so great Spiderman is an outstanding movie NOT: was laughing in front of the school

3. Types All clauses are either INDEPENDENT or SUBORDINATE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Expresses a complete thought Can stand alone as a sentence Often joined with other clauses to make a longer sentence Example: Britney Spears is a popular singer. Britney Spears is a popular singer, but I like Christina’s music better. *Independent clauses are often joined by coordinating conjunction (FAN BOYS—for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

4. Types of Subordinate Clauses A subordinate clause cannot stand alone. It needs an independent clause to make sense. There are 3 types of subordinate clauses -adjective -adverb -noun

5. Adjective Clause THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: A subordinate clause used as an adjective Modifies a noun or a pronoun Always follows the noun or pronoun that it modifies Example: My sister, who is a good swimmer, will be going to train in Florida in December. Jenny, who is sixteen, watches the film Mean Girls at least once a month.

6. Adjective Clause con’t ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ARE INTRODUCED BY RELATIVE PRONOUNS: who whom whose which that Relative pronouns relate the clause the word it modifies A relative pronoun also plays a role in the clause Antecedent—the noun or pronoun modified by the adjective clause.

7. Examples Adjective Clause Example: Miss Smith suggested that outstanding novel that I am reading. Exceptions: The relative pronoun is “understood” Is that the sweater [that] you bought yesterday? The clause is introduced by an adverb This is the place where I bought the sweater.

8. Adverb Clause 2. THE ADVERB CLAUSE A type of subordinate clause Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb Answers the following questions: How When Where Under what conditions Why

9. Adverb Clause Examples: When Billy-Bob went out with his friends, he lost his wallet. I decided to save my money so that I could get a new stereo for my car. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions What makes the clause subordinate Does NOT play a role in the clause itself Examples of subordinating conjunctions (p. 131 in grammar book) after, if, as long as, because, so that, until

10. NOUN Clause THE NOUN CLAUSE A type of subordinate clause that is used as a noun Can function in the following ways: Subject: That he was ill was Todd’s excuse. Predicate Nominative: The answer to the problem is what I have been looking for. Direct Object: She did not understand what the point of writing papers is. Indirect Object: The teacher will give whoever is talking a detention. Object of the Preposition: Many complaints have been made about how Ed sings.

11. Noun Clause Noun clauses are introduced by an “introductory word” Examples: that, whether, what, who, whoever, whose, where, why, how

12. Sentence Structure Steps to classifying sentences: Cross out any prepositional phases Label the subjects and the verbs within each sentence Label each clause as being either INDEPENDENT or SUBORDINATE Based on the number of independent and subordinate clauses, classify the sentence

13. Structure THE SIMPLE SENTENCE Contains 1 independent clause Contains no subordinate clauses Examples: I am happy. On the way home from school, she stopped for a hamburger at McDonald’s with her friends.

14. Structure THE COMPOUND SENTENCE Contains 2 or more independent clauses Contains no subordinate clauses Example: I studied for my math test, but I failed it anyway.

15. Structure THE COMPLEX SENTENCE Contains 1 independent clause Contains 1 or more subordinate clauses When I write a paper for English, I feel great joy.

16. Structure THE COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE Contains 2 or more independent clauses Contains 1 or more subordinate clauses The room that the boy painted had been white, but he changed the color to bright orange.

17. Putting it all together When she tripped, Alyssa turned bright red. ADV, ADJ. NOUN The dancer was a woman who was dedicated to her art. ADV, ADJ. NOUN The painter knew that the house wouldn’t be try in time for the approaching storm ADV, ADJ. NOUN